ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Phtyochemical screening and comparative study of antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera various extracts
Yebpella G. G.1, Adeyemi Hassan M. M.1, Hammuel C.2, Magomya A. M.1, Agbaji A. S.1 and Okonkwo E. M.1
1Industrial Chemical Division, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
2Environmental Services and Pollution Control Unit, National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria.
Accepted 11 January, 2019
Abstract
The phytochemical screening and comparative study of antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera extracts was carried out. The phytochemical screening revealed the following metabolites: saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, protein, and flavonoids. While cardiac glyocosides and steroids were absent. The antimicrobial activities of the gel in 10% DMSO, methanol and aqueous extracts of green rind and leaf pulp were carried against some pathogenic clinical isolates, namely, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Candida albicans. The DMSO extract of the gel and the methanol extract of the green rind showed greater potency against tested microorganisms in the order B. Subtilis> S. aureus> C. albicans and S. aureus>C. albicans>B. subtilis>P. mirabilis respectively with different zones of inhibition ranging from 18 to 35 mm gel, 15 to 18 mm for leaf pulp methanol, 20 to 32 mm green rind methanol, also 12 to 14 mm and 14 to 23 mm for leaf pulp aqueous and green rind aqueous respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts against organisms ranged from 6.25 to 25 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was within the range of 12.5 to 50 mg/ml. The study revealed that the green rind methanol extract and gel have greater medicinal potential against B. subtilis.
Key words: Antimicrobial, gel and green rind extract, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and phytochemical screening, Aloe vera.
Agbaji A. S and Okonkwo E. M, Magomya A. M, Yebpella G. G, Hammuel C, Adeyemi Hassan M. M
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antimicrobial and nematicidal screening of anamorphic fungi isolated from plant debris of tropical areas in Mexico
Manuela Reyes-Estebanez1, Elizabeth Herrera-Parra2, Jairo Cristóbal-Alejo3, Gabriela Heredia-Abarca4, Blondy Canto-Canché5, Irma Medina-Baizabal5 and Marcela Gamboa-Angulo5*
1Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche México.
2INIFAP Campo Experimental Mocochá, Yucatán, México.
3Departamento de Posgrado, Instituto Tecnológico de Conkal, 97345, Yucatán, México.
4Departamento de Biología de Suelos, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, 91070, Veracruz, México.
5Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Mérida, 97200, Yucatán, México.
Accepted 07 January, 2019
Abstract
Forty seven fungal strains were isolated from plant debris in the tropical regions of Mexico, where fifteen of them were identified to species and twenty two to genus level. All isolates were grown in fermented rice and their EtOAc extracts screened against ten targets, four bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Erwinia carotovora, Staphylococcus aureus and Xanthomonas campestris), the yeast Candida albicans, three phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria tagetica, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Fusarium oxysporum), the Oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum and the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Antimicrobial activity was detected in 18 isolates against at least one of the target strains tested. Seven of these isolates with broad spectrum activity, which were defatted and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by microdilution assay. The greatest antagonistic action was produced by Cylindrium elongatum with broad spectrum activity while Corynespora cassiicola and Memnoniella sp. MR33 showed moderate antimicrobial properties. On other hand, in vitro nematotoxic activity was clearly detected only in Selenosporella sp. GH26 with 91 (LD50) and 147 µg/ml (LD90). This is the first report on the isolation and biological evaluation of anamorphic fungi from some Mexican tropical regions, demonstrating their potential as a source of biologically active natural metabolites for use in future applications in agriculture or pharmacy.
Key words: Anamorphic fungi, antimicrobial, Corynespora, Cylindrium, fungal extracts, nematicide, Selenosporella, Yucatan peninsula.
Irma Medina-Baizabal and Marcela Gamboa-Angulo*, Gabriela Heredia-Abarca, Blondy Canto-Canché, Jairo Cristóbal-Alejo, Manuela Reyes-Estebanez, Elizabeth Herrera-Parra
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The impact of electrode reuse on the biofilm community and performance of whey-fuelled H-type microbial fuel cell
J. Kassongo and C. A. Togo*
School of molecular and cell biology. University of the Witwatersrand, P Bag 3, Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Accepted 07 January, 2019
Abstract
Humankind has always been engaged in a relentless quest for energy to drive daily activities. However, most of the existing conventional strategies of tapping the environment are expensive and polluting. A nascent microbial fuel cell technology, relying on the degradation of wastewater such as cheese whey with the subsequent release of electricity, is thus the focus for sustainable energy. It is therefore important to gain an in-depth knowledge of the biology in these devices and possible avenues of enhancing power generated from them. In an effort to increase power from whey-driven microbial fuel cells (MFCs), graphite sheet anodes were incubated in whey for two months then reused in four cycles of seven days each in MFCs. The concomitant remediation was additionally determined. Highest power density (390 ± 21 W/m2) was obtained during the third reuse cycle with a coulombic efficiency of 0.25%. The highest tCOD removal (44.6%) was however, noted during the second cycle. The performance of reactors depended on the number of reuse cycles with the third cycle proving to be the best after which there was a decline in power density. In addition, molecular analyses of anodophilic microorganisms showed the presence of three species related to strains from Lactobacillus helveticus (85% identity), Proteus mirabilis (96%) and Escherichia coli (96%). Therefore the necessity of biofilm build up should take into account the limitation of maximum number of reuse cycles where the flora will be performing at its best.
Key words: Cheese whey, green power, microbial fuel cell, biofilm, bioremediation.
C. A. Togo*, J. Kassongo
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Production and oil-emulsion formulation of Cadophora malorum and Alternaria jacinthicola, two biocontrol agents against Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
Karim Dagno1,2*, Rachid Lahlali3, Mamourou Diourté2 and Haïssam M. Jijakli1
1Unité de Phytopathologie. Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Université de Liège - Belgique.
2Programme Sorgho, Centre Régional de Recherche Agronomique de Sotuba. BP : 262, Bamako, Mali.
3Agriculture and Agric-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, S7N 0X2 - Canada.
Accepted 18 January, 2019
Abstract
Cadophora malorum isolate Mln715 and Alternaria jacinthicola strain MUCL 53159 are under development as biocontrol agents against Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Mali. Production of spores of these agents on locally available substrates (Water Hyacinth, powdered paddy rice chaff, wheat semolina) was assessed with a view to mass production. The C. malorum isolate sporulated best on Water Hyacinth (4.08 × 107 spores ml-1), followed by wheat (1.06 ×107 spores ml-1), whereas A. jacinthicola produced more spores on paddy rice chaff and wheat (0.24 x 107 spores ml-1). The severity of the damage caused by each pathogen was evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field. Under both greenhouse and field conditions, the biocontrol efficacy of the fungal isolates was improved with (unrefined) Carapa procera (L.) oil or (refined) palm oil, supplemented with soybean lecithin and Tween 20. When such a formulation was used, the incubation time was 4 to 5 days in the greenhouse and 7 to 9 days on the field, and the damage severity (DS) recorded 6 weeks after treatment varied from 87.02 to 93. 13% in the greenhouse and from 59.11 to 63.00% in the field. For unformulated C. malorum and A. jacinthicola respectively, the incubation times were longer and the DS values were only 22.11 and 29. 05% in the greenhouse and 12.05 and 15.15% on the field. Our results highlight good substrates for mass production of these mycoherbicides and demonstrate the ability of vegetable oil formulations to improve their efficacy.
Key words: Alternaria jacinthicola, biocontrol, Cadophora malorum, oil formulation, Water Hyacinth.
Karim Dagno*, Mamourou Diourté and Haïssam M. Jijakli, Rachid Lahlali
Research Article
Microbiological assessment of mutton intended for export from Elkadaro export slaughter house, Sudan
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Microbiological assessment of mutton intended for export from Elkadaro export slaughter house, Sudan
Ibrahim Mohammed Elhassan1, Atif Elamin Abdelgadir2* and Abedalaziz Eltayeb Ibrahim2
1Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries, Khartoum, Sudan.
2Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan.
Accepted 08 January, 2019
Abstract
The study is planned to evaluate the hygienic quality of mutton intended for export from Elkadaro slaughter house on basis of surface bacterial contamination. Seventy five samples were collected during five visits, 15 samples in each visit (five samples for each: slaughter hall, slaughter house chiller and the refrigerated vehicle at Airport after unloading). A metallic triangle was used as a template from which swabs were taken. The results of the bacterial counts revealed relatively high counts (ranges between 1 × 103 - 6 × 106 CFU/ cm 2), but without critical contamination levels according to the cut-off point for fresh meat (106 CFU/ cm2) and chilled meat (107 CFU/ cm2) except in the last visit (2 × 106 CFU/ cm2).
Key words: Sudan, mutton, slaughter house, export.
Atif Elamin Abdelgadir* and Abedalaziz Eltayeb Ibrahim, Ibrahim Mohammed Elhassan
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antibacterial activity of several Malaysian leaves extracts on the spoilage bacteria of yellow alkaline noodles
Teza Alfindo Rosyid1, Roselina Karim1*, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan1 and Farinazleen Mohd Ghazali2
1Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, My, 43400, Malaysia.
2Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, My, 43400, Malaysia.
Accepted 11 January, 2019
Abstract
Yellow alkaline noodle (YAN) is very susceptible to spoilage and has a short shelf life due to the high moisture content. This study was conducted to isolate and identify spoilage bacteria of YAN in an attempt to apply local plant extracts that possess antibacterial activity in extending the shelf life of YAN. Thirty colonies were isolated from spoiled YAN and were identified using the Biolog GEN III system. Eight bacteria which consisted of five Gram-positive (GP) and three Gram-negative (GN) (Bacillus pumilus, Clavibacter agropyri, Corynebacterium urealyticum, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Enterobacter cloaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus sciuri) were identified. E. cloaceae and S. sciuri were the most abundant bacteria on YAN with percentage values of 23 and 26%, respectively. The antibacterial activities of ethanol and water extracts of six types of leaves (Centella asiatica, Jasminum sambac, Pereskia bleo, Cosmos caudatus caudatus, Murraya koenigii, and Melicope lunu) against all the identified bacteria were studied. The ethanol extracts of M. koenigii are most effective extract that possess the highest antibacterial activity against all the eight spoilage bacteria studied.
Key words: Yellow alkaline noodle, spoilage bacteria, plant extracts, antibacterial activity.
Teza Alfindo Rosyid, Roselina Karim*, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan and Farinazleen Mohd Ghazali