ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Synonymous codon usage bias of spike genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Cao H. W.1,2, Zhang H.2, Liu, Y.1 and Li D. S.1*
1College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Haerbin 150030, China.
2College of Life Science and Technology, HeiLongJiang BaYi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China.
Accepted 19 March, 2019
Abstract
Synonymous codons are not used randomly. Rather, some codons are used more frequently than others. Investigating codon usage bias is essential to the understanding of viral evolution. However the factors shaping synonymous codon usage bias and nucleotide composition in animal viruses have been studied only to a limited extent. In our study, using the 19 complete CDS sequences of Spike (S) genes of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), we analyzed synonymous codon usage bias. The relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) was used to estimate codon usage variation in each gene, and the results indicated that preferentially used codons were A-ended, G-ended, and U-ended codons. Effective number of codons (ENC) values varies from 48.15 to 49.52, which suggested that the codon usage bias in PEDV S genes was very slightly. Correspondence analysis (COA) was further performed to study the major trend in codon usage variation, and the plot of ENC values against GC3s (at synonymous third codon position) revealed that mutational pressure rather than translational selection was the main factor determining the codon usage bias in PEDV S genes. Moreover, correlation analysis indicated that aromaticity and hydrophobicity of S genes also influenced the codon usage variation in a minor way. Our study provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of PEDV S genes’ codon usage patterns and provides a basic understanding of the mechanisms for codon usage bias.
Key words: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Spike gene, relative synonymous codon usage, effective number of codons, correspondence analysis, correlation analysis.
Zhang H, Y and Li D. S*, Cao H. W, Liu
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Role of autophagy in inhibition of brucella-containing vacuole-lysosome fusion in murine macrophages
Fei Guo1, Zhen Li1, Chuangfu Chen1*, Yuanzhi Wang3, Hui Zhang2, Penyan Wang1, Jun Qiao1, Yong Wang1, Ke Zhang1 and Guoqing Du1
1College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
2Key Laboratory of Xijiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
3College of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
Accepted 12 February, 2019
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in the inhibition of Brucella-containing vacuole (BCV) and lysosome fusion in BRUCELLA SUIS 1330 infected murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Autophagosome induction was observed following B. SUIS 1330 infection. The autophagic pathway was inhibited pharmacologically by 3-methylademine (3-MA) treatment or by RNAi-mediated depletion of the autophagy related gene, LC3. Compared with controls, suppression of the autophagic pathway was associated with a significant decrease in B. SUIS 1330 internalization (P<0.05) and reduction in the detection of B. SUIS-containing vacuole and lysosome fusion by fluorescence colocalization. These results implicate autophagy in the inhibition of BCV-lysosome fusion which favors the survival of B. SUIS 1330 in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells.
Key words: Brucella suis 1330, autophagy, BCV-lysosome fusion, colocalization.
Jun Qiao, Hui Zhang, Fei Guo, Yuanzhi Wang, Zhen Li, Yong Wang, Penyan Wang, Ke Zhang and Guoqing Du, Chuangfu Chen*
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The immune-response enveloped-virus treatment for H22 ascitic tumors in mice
Mintao Zhong, Min Huang*, Lei Liu, Xiaoli Wang, Xingyun Li, Anhong Ning and Jing Cao
Department of Medical Microbiology, Dalian Medical University, 9 Western Section, Lvshun South Road, Lvshunkou District, Dalian 116044, China.
Accepted 23 March, 2019
Abstract
In addition to the standard therapies of chemotherapies and surgical interventions, viral therapy for tumor treatment has provided a new option for cancer patients. Whether the effects are safe, however, remains to be fully evaluated. Accordingly, we explored the immunological mechanisms of viral action against the H22 ascitic tumor, using both the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and the parainfluenza virus (PIV). We measured IL-2 levels, Natural killer (NK) cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation rates, and the CD4+/CD8+ cell numbers' ratio. All indicators were superior in the virus-treatment group compared with the control group. Tumor cells infected by either virus induced the expression of the tumor-associated antigen, which stimulated the host immune system.
Key words: Immunologic mechanism, tumor immunity, viral immunotherapy, tumor-associated antigen.
Lei Liu, Xiaoli Wang, Mintao Zhong, Anhong Ning and Jing Cao, Min Huang*, Xingyun Li
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of crude ethanolic extracts of WALTHERIA INDICA Linn.
O. O. Olajuyigbe*, A. E. Babalola and A. J. Afolayan
Department of Botany, Phytomedicine Research Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
Accepted 22 March, 2019
Abstract
The antibacterial activity and phytochemical properties of WALTHERIA INDICA Linn. was investigated, the result obtained showed that the ethanol extracts from the roots, stem and leaves were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The qualitative phytochemical screening of these different parts indicated the presence of saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and cardiac glycosides at varied degrees. All the extracts showed antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was obtained from the root extract, followed by the stem extract while the leaf extract was the least. The susceptibility of the different strains of Enterobacteriaceae to each extract varied with different parts investigated. This study indicated the potential efficacy of the WALTHERIA INDICA Linn. in the treatment of infections caused by the test organisms.
Key words: Phytochemical screening, enterobacteriacea, phytochemicals, antibacterial activities, Waltheria indica extracts.
A. E. Babalola and A. J. Afolayan, O. O. Olajuyigbe*
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Assessment of sensitivity, specificity and species discriminatory power of four culture-based isolation methods of Arcobacter spp
Shah A. H.1, Saleha A. A.1*, Murugaiyah M.2 and Zunita Zakaria1
1Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
2Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Accepted 13 March, 2019
Abstract
A total of 142 samples including beef (n = 52), fresh milk (n = 45) and rectal swabs of cattle (n = 45) were collected from various wet markets (beef) and dairy cattle farms (milk and rectal swabs) in the vicinity of Selangor, Malaysia. All samples were examined for the presence of Arcobacter species using four different isolation methods. The organisms were first identified on the basis of phenotypic tests and later the suspected isolates were confirmed using multiplex PCR (mPCR). Method I (MI) and Method II (MII) detected Arcobacter in 43.7 and 75%, respectively from beef, but were unable to detect microbe from milk and rectal swabs. On the other hand, Method III (MIII) detected Arcobacter in 100, 60 and 40% of beef, milk and bovine rectal swab samples respectively; Method IV (MIV) detected 93.7, 60 and 40% in beef, milk and cattle rectal swabs respectively. The discriminatory power among the isolation methods for Arcobacter species was evaluated and MIII was found to be the best as it identified A. butzleri (72.7%); A. cryaerophilus (22.7%) and A. skirrowii (4.5%) while A. butzleri (61.1%), A. cryaerophilus (22.7%) and A. skirrowii (9%) were isolated from MIV.
Key words: Arcobacter; isolation methods, mPCR, beef, milk, cattle.
Saleha A. A*, Murugaiyah M and Zunita Zakaria, Shah A. H
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The impact of industrial effluent discharge on physico-chemical and microbial parameters of Orogodo River, Agbor, Nigeria
Idise, Okiemute Emmanuel* and Maduka, Kate
Department of Microbiology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
Accepted 25 March, 2019
Abstract
The microbiological and physico-chemical analyses of water samples obtained from the Orogodo River, Agbor, at point of industrial effluent discharge (Location 2) and at 100 m before (Location 1) and 100 m after (Location 3), were carried out using standard methods to determine the impact of the discharge on the water quality. While the temperature, conductivity, biological oxygen demand, and coliform counts increased from Stations 1 to 3 and pH, hardness, alkalinity and dissolved oxygen decreased from Stations 1 to 3, the solids (total, suspended and dissolved) and nitrates increased from Station 1 to 2 and decreased thereafter to Station 3 while heterotrophic bacterial counts increased from Station 1 to 2 and 3 and sulphate, which was equal for Stations 1 and 2, decreased in Station 3. Most of the parameters were above set limits by regulatory bodies. Thus, the industrial effluents contained much solids and oxygen-demanding materials with deleterious effects on the water quality, to the extent that it may not be potable without treatment. There is the paramount need to treat these industrial effluents prior to discharge into the River Orogodo.
Key words: Water, analyses, effluent, treatment, discharge, potable.
Kate , Idise , Okiemute Emmanuel* and Maduka
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