ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Kinetics studies of protease in fermenting locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) and melon seed (Citrullus vulgaris)
C. Egwim Evans1*, J. Yisa2 and P.O. Egwim3
1Biochemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
2Chemistry Department, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B 65, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
3Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnic, P.M.B 55, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.
Accepted 26 March, 2017
Abstract
Melon seed (Citrullus vulgaris) and locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) were separately subjected to a natural solid – substrate fermentation for 5 days. The peak of protease (P.I) production from the fermenting melon seeds was 48 h while that of the protease (P.II) from fermenting locust bean was 96 h. Both P.I and P.II demonstrated maximum activity at 40°C. The peak of activity for P.I was observed between pH 6.6 to 7.6, whereas for P.II, the optimum pH was 5.8. The Michaelis – Menten’s constant (KM) as well as the maximum velocity (VMax) of activity were 4.8 x 10-2 M and 3.43 x 10-2/s, and 5.8 x 10-2 M and 5.1x10-2/s for both P.I and P.II respectively. The work concludes that fermenting melon and locust bean seeds may be a cheap and alternative source of proteases for industrial processes.
Key words: Kinetics, protease, natural fermentation, locust bean, melon seed, alternative sources.
J. Yisa and P.O. Egwim, C. Egwim Evans*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Utilization of enzymes in the production of liquid sugar from dates
Gamal A. El-Sharnouby 1* , Salah M. Al-Eid 2 and Mutlag M. Al – Otaibi 1
1Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa 31982, P.O. 420, Saudi Arabia
2Date Palm Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Hassa 31982, P. O. 400, Saudi Arabia.
Accepted 26 January, 2017
Abstract
Date palm fruits Phoenix dactylifera cultivated in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were used for the production of high quality date syrup. This syrup is suitable for the manufacture of different food products. Date syrup was prepared from Reziz date (Soft variety) at different ratios of water/date (2:1, 2.5:1 and 3:1) . Pectinase and cellulase were used to obtain the maximum date syrup extraction. Data revealed that Reziz variety contained high total sugar content (about 83.51% on dry basis). The extraction rate of sugars increased as the water/flesh ratio increased. Also, the use of pectinase/cellulase gave the highest recovery of total soluble solids (65.6 to 70.7%) compared with control (50.5 to 56.30%). The resultant date syrups were evaluated for their physico-chemical charac-teristics and compared with cane syrup (Black honey). Results of the organoleptic evaluation proved that date syrup is considered to be highly desirable than cane syrup. Results indicate the possibility of employing pectinase/cellulase to produce concentrated date syrup from tamr fruits for use in food product development.
Key words: Date fruits, Reziz, date syrup, pectinase, cellulose, physico-chemical characteristics.
Gamal A. El-Sharnouby*, Salah M. Al-Eid and Mutlag M. Al – Otaibi
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
D-3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation in mitochondria by D -3-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in Tetrahymena pyriformis
Omar Akil2, Zakaria El Kebbaj1,2, Norbert Latruffe1* and M’Hammed Saïd El Kebbaj2
1INSERM U866; Université de Bourgogne, Laboratoire de Biochimie Métabolique et Nutritionnelle, Faculté des
Sciences, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon cedex, France.
2Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Université Hassan II - Aïn Chock, Faculté des Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco.
Accepted 5 January, 2017
Abstract
Tetrahymena pyriformis a ciliated protozoan, is considered as a good indicator of water pollution. However its energy supply is poorly understood. This work was focused on the metabolism of hydroxybutyrate through the study of the membrane bound mitochondrial NAD+-dependent D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.30) (BDH), a ketone body catalysing enzyme involved in the interconversion of D-3- hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. Due to lack of informations, the physico-chemical properties and kinetic parameters of the enzyme were examined. The results are the following: 1) D-3-hydroxybutyrate is a good substrate for mitochondria. 2) The enzyme catalytic process follows a bi bi-ordered mechanism where the coenzyme binds first, then allowing the substrate linkage to the active site. 3) Two optimal pH values of 8 and 6.5 corresponding to D-3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation and to acetoacetate reduction respectively. On the other hand, pH changes affect the coenzyme binding to the active site. 4) The BDH activity was found strongly linked to submitochondrial vesicles indicating that the protozoan enzyme is membranous and could require lipids for its function as well as it is for the mammalian enzyme. Moreover, an optimal temperature (40°C) and a break appearing in the Arrhenius plot at 19°C were found. The break suggests a membrane lipid fluidity-dependency of BDH conformational change. 5) Several ligands of the active site including methylmalonate and succinate modulate the BDH activity and are competitive inhibitors toward D-3-hydroxybutyrate. 6) Divalent cations, Mg2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ protect BDH against thermal inactivation. The protection is the strongest in the presence of Zn2+. Moreover, Ca2+ and Mg2+ are enzyme activators and modulate the substrate binding to the active site. On the other hand, EDTA, a chelating agent, inhibits the enzyme but prevents inhibition by substrate excess. This work provides new insights on the energy metabolism of T. pyriformis wild strain where D-3-hydroxybutyrate is a choice substrate where the properties of BDH have been established especially the activating role of non heavy divalent cations.
Key words: D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, ketone body, mitochondria, Tetrahymena pyriformis.
Norbert Latruffe* and M’Hammed Saïd El Kebbaj, Zakaria El Kebbaj, Omar Akil
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa anthocyanins on 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced hematotoxicity in rabbits
A. Ologundudu1*, A. O.Ologundudu1, I. A. Ololade2 and F. O. Obi3
1Department of Biochemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.
2Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B.001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.
3Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Accepted 26 March, 2017
Abstract
In this study, the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced biochemical and hematological changes in rabbits were examined under the administrative protocol of anthocyanin extract from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces. Blood levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as red blood cell counts (RBC), white blood cell counts (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were determined as indices of alteration and protection. Relative to control, 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2, 4-DNPH) treatment significantly decreased (P < 0.05) blood level of GSH and significantly increased blood MDA level .It also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased RBC counts, PCV and Hb but increased WBC counts. On the other hand treatment of rabbits with Hibiscus anthocyanin extract led to significant (P < 0.05) increase in blood GSH, RBC counts, PCV and Hb and a decrease in MDA and WBC counts. These findings indicate that anthocyanin extract from dried calyces of H. sabdariffa protects the blood against 2, 4-DNPH lipoperoxidative and hemolytic effects.
Key words: Rabbit, Hibiscus sabdariffa , anthocyanin extract, 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazine, reduced glutathione, malondialdehyde, complete blood count.
A. Ologundudu*, I. A. Ololade and F. O. Obi, A. O.Ologundudu
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The effect of allelic variation on forage quality of brown midrib sorghum mutants with reduced caffeic acid O-methyl transferase activity
R. K. Vogler1, T. T. Tesso2, K. D. Johnson1 and G. Ejeta1*
1Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.
2Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
Accepted 30 January, 2017
Abstract
Sorghum brown midrib (bmr) mutants have reddish-brown vascular tissues in their leaves and stems as a result of changes in lignin content and subunit composition. Past research at Purdue University has generated a set of bmr sorghum mutants via chemical mutagenesis and established some to be allelic to each other. More recently, we identified additional spontaneous mutants in true breeding lines with marked phenotype and a range of agronomic characteristics. One such mutant, bmr-26, is of particular interest because it arose in a drought-tolerant sorghum line. Analysis of testcross hybrids between this spontaneous bmr mutant and the chemically induced mutants, bmr-6 and bmr-12, showed that the bmr-26 allele was allelic to bmr-12 and not to bmr- 6. Both the bmr-12 and the bmr-26 mutations significantly reduced lignin content in leaf, blade, sheath, stem, and panicle tissue. The effect of the mutation was relatively more severe in bmr- 12 than in bmr-26. The impact of the two mutations on cell wall composition in different tissues varied. The biggest effect of the bmr-12 mutation was in reduction of lignin in the sheath, whereas lignin content in panicles was more affected by the bmr-26 mutation. This suggested an allele-specific effect in tissue lignin reduction of these mutants. Cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations were also significantly higher in certain tissue types for both the induced and spontaneous mutants. Forage quality traits including percent NDF and ADF were significantly increased by both mutations. Improvement in in vitro dry matter digestibility as a result of the bmr-26 mutation was relatively small and was not proportional to the reduction in the lignin content.
Key words: Acid detergent fiber (ADF), bmr, brown midrib, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), lignin, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Sorghum bicolor.
T. T. Tesso, R. K. Vogler, K. D. Johnson and G. Ejeta*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on acid phosphatase activity
K. S. Prashanth1*, T. R. S. Chouhan2 and Snehalatha Nadiger3
1Research Scholar, Dr M.G.R University, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India.
2Ethica Matrix CRO Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India.
3Department of Biotechnology, New Horizon College of Engineering, Outer Ring Road, Panathur post Bangalore-560087, Karnataka(s) India.
Accepted 29 January, 2017
Abstract
The effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic field (EMF) (50 Hz 0.5 mT) on the activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) was studied. In addition the factors affecting the enzyme activity such as the temperature, pH and substrate concentration were also investigated. The results show that ELF EMF have significant influence on enzyme activity. Upon EMF exposure Km increased from 0014 ± 0.005 to 0.040 ± 0.008 mM whereas Vmax increased from 0.991 ± 0.254 to 1.638 ± 0.345 µmol/min. Further studies can probably help in finding suitable applications for ELF based modulation of enzyme activity.
Key words: ELF EMF, acid phosphatase, enzyme activity.
K. S. Prashanth*, T. R. S. Chouhan and Snehalatha Nadiger
Page: 1 - 10