ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2004
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2004 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Laboratory evaluation of the improved tube test detection limits for β-lactam residues in Kenyan milk
Anakalo Shitandi1* and Gathoni Kihumbu2
1Antibiotic research laboratory, Dept. of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7051, S- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
2Microbiology laboratory, Guildford Dairy Institute, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, Kenya.
Accepted 22 December 2003
Abstract
In Kenya there is currently no screening of antimicrobial drug residues in milk. This study evaluated the improved tube test as a possible screening method using seven representatives of the β-lactam antibiotics. The group comprises antimicrobials most frequently used to treat bacterial infections in dairy cows. Each antimicrobial was tested at five concentrations based on established codex alimentarius maximum residue limits (MRLs). Test parameters studied were practicability and limits of detection (LODs) compared to MRLs and repeatability. The LODs established using a logistic regression model were: penicillin G (2 µg /kg), ampicillin (2 µg /kg), amoxicillin (2 µg /kg), oxacillin (30 µg /kg), cefalexin(100 µg /kg), cephapirin(60 µg /kg) and ceftiofur(100 µg /kg) all within codex alimentarius MRLs. The cost per ten samples using the improved tube test was less than 1 USD compared with 5 USD for the Delvo test. The improved tube test is concluded to be an affordable method, which could be used for qualitative identification of residues in low-income countries dairies.
Key words: Improved tube test, β-lactams, Kenyan milk, maximum residue limits.
i* , Anakalo Shit, Gathoni Kihumbu
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2004
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2004 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Inhibition of growth and mycotoxins formation in moulds by marine algae Cystoseira tamariscifolia
SOUHAILI Zineb1, LAGZOULI Mohamed1, FAID Mohamed2*, FELLAT-ZERROUCK Khadija1
1Biochemistry laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II Ain Achok. Casablanca Morocco.
2Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine department of Food engineering and Technology, PO Box 6202 Rabat-Institute, Morocco.
Accepted 21 November 2003
Abstract
Different extracts from marine algae (Cystoseira tamaricifolia) were tested for their antimicrobial activities. These extracts were examined for their activities on growth of moulds and yeasts and mycotoxines formation by moulds. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined in every case in terms of dilutions. A total inhibition (100%) was obtained with the ethanolic crude extract on all the fungal species at the concentration of 10%. The aqueous extract showed an activity only on some strains used while no activity was observed on yeasts and moulds for both methanolic and aqueous extract. The other extracts (chloroform, hexane and methanol) had no activity on the microbial growth. Mycotoxins formation in Aspergillus flavus was inhibited by the ethanolic extracts at the concentration of 5%.
Key words: Algae, antimicrobial, minimal inhibitory concentration, moulds.
SOUHAILI Zineb, LAGZOULI Mohamed, FELLAT-ZERROUCK Khadija, FAID Mohamed*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2004
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2004 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) powder and essential oil on mould deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of melon seeds (Colocynthis citrullus L.)
S.A. Bankole1* and A.O. Joda2
1Department of Biological Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, PMB 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
2Department of Crop Production, Olabisi Onabanjo University, PMB 2002, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Accepted 13 November 2003
Abstract
Experiments were carried out to determine the potential of using the powder and essential oil from dried ground leaves of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) to control storage deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of melon seeds (Colocynthis citrullus L.). Four mould species: Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. tamarii and Penicillium citrinum were inoculated in the form of conidia suspension (approx. 106 conidia per ml) unto shelled melon seeds. The powdered dry leaves and essential oil from lemon grass were mixed with the inoculated seeds at levels ranging from 1-10% (w/w) and 0.1 to 1%v/vt respectively. The ground leaves significantly reduced the extent of deterioration in melon seeds inoculat4ed with different fungi compared to the untreated inoculated seeds. The essential oil at 0.1 and 0.25% (v/w) and ground leaves at 10% (w/w) significantly reduced deterioration and aflatoxin production in shelled melon seeds inoculated with toxigenic A. flavus. At higher dosages (0.5 and 1.0% v/w), the essential completely prevented aflatoxin production. After 6 months in farmers’ stores, unshelled melon seeds treated with 0.5% (v/w) of essential oil and 10% (w/w) of powdered leaves of C. citratus had significantly lower proportion of visibly diseased seeds and Aspergillus spp infestation levels and significantly higher seed germination compared to the untreated seeds. The oil content, free fatty acid and peroxide values in seeds protected with essential oil after 6 months did not significantly differ from the values in seed before storage. The efficacy of the essential oil in preserving the quality of melon seeds in stores was statistically at par with that of fungicide (iprodione) treatment.
Key words: Aflatoxin, Cymbopogon citratus, essential oil, powdered leaves, melon seeds, mould deterioration, oil content, free fatty acid, peroxide values, seed germination.
A.O. Joda, S.A. Bankole*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2004
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2004 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Feather wastes digestion by new isolated strains Bacillus sp. in Morocco
Ilham Zerdani1, Mohamed Faid2* and Abderahim Malki1
1Faculté des Sciences Ben M’sik Université Hassan II- Mohammadia, PO Box 7955-Sidi Othmane Casablanca, Morocco.
2Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine department of Food engineering and Technology, PO Box 6202 Rabat-Institute, Morocco.
Accepted 3 December 2003
Abstract
Eight strains of Bacillus were isolated from non treated soil, characterized and used for the digestion of feather wastes in the laboratory. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and total protein (TP) were determined during the incubation time and the microbial counts of the different strains during feather hydrolysis were also monitored. Results of the screening test showed that the solid pieces of feather were completely digested by all the strains. The most efficient isolated strain selected was compared with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Results showed that the total protein decreased from 13.6% to 1.92 % with the isolated strain, and from 12.25 % to 2.99% with the standard strain. The NPN reached a concentration of 43.2mg/100g and 20.5 mg/100g with the isolated and standard strains, respectively.
Key words: Feather, keratin, Bacillus, fermentation, process.
Ilham Zerdani, Mohamed Faid* and Abderahim Malki
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2004
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2004 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effects of soaking duration on germination and seedling growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill)
S. Sabongari* and B. L. Aliero
Department of Biological Sciences Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Accepted 12 October 2003
Abstract
The effects of soaking duration on germination and seedling growth of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) Roma VF, UC82B and Xina varieties were investigated. The treatments consisted of three soaking durations (12, 24, 36 h) and control replicated four times in a latin square design. Results indicated significant enhancement of germination by all soaking durations except for Xina variety where 36 h treatment showed no significant difference from the control. Maximum total germination (%) was obtained under 24 h treatment for all the seed varieties. Soaking durations of 12 and 24 h enhanced growth and dry matter accumulation for both Roma VF and UC82 B. The study has demonstrated the advantages of soaking seeds in water for about 24 h prior to sowing them in the field.
Key words: Seed, tomato, soaking duration, varieties, germination, seedling, growth.
B. L. Aliero, S. Sabongari*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2004
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2004 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Reproductive biology in Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del., a semi-arid forest tree
Mansor Ndoye1*, Ismaïla Diallo2, Yaye Kène Gassama/Dia1
1Laboratoire de biotechnologies végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, B.P. 5005, Dakar, Sénégal.
2ISRA-DRPF, Route des Pères Maristes, B.P. 2312, Dakar, Sénégal.
Accepted 30 December 2003
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) is an important tree in the semi-arid ecosystem with beneficial attributes. However, very little information is available in its reproductive biology. In order to better control the reproduction system of B. aegyptiaca, three experimental approaches are used: floral morpholgy, fluorochromatic procedure and hand pollination. The floral morphology shows that B. aegyptiaca flowers are hermaphrodite and gathered in several types of inflorescence (clusters, fascicles or glomerules). They blossomed asynchronically and nectar is exuded by the flowers. Top ovary holds five anatropous ovules. The second approach consisting in fluorochromatic procedure reveals a pollen with 3 apertures and a viability rate of 92%. This viability decrease down to 50% after a storage at -5°C for 7 days. Finally, the hand pollination proves that B. aegyptiaca is a partially auto-compatible plant and the main vectors of pollination are Halictidae (Hymenopterae) and Dipterae.
Key words: Balanites aegyptiaca, fluorochromatic test, pollen, pollination, auto-compatible.
Mansor Ndoye*, Ismaïla Diallo and Yaye Kène Gassama Dia
Page: 1 - 10