ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (11), pp. 001-009, November, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Betaine reduction of hyperhomocysteinemia and enhancement of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia in rabbits
Masoud Alirezaei1*, Mehdi Saeb1, Katayoun Javidnia2, Saeed Nazifi3, Najmeh Khalighyan2, and Saeedeh Saeb1
1Department of Biochemistry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345, Iran.
2Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
3Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71345, Iran.
Accepted 08 August, 2018
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia is a hypothesis for the association of homocysteine with cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and depression of mood. Thus, we examined whether oral betaine can act as a preventive agent in ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia on the monoaminergic system. A total of 32 New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four groups (n=8) among which is the control group (C) . The ethanol group (E) was administered ethanol at a dosage of 4 g/kg daily. The betaine group (B) received betaine at a dosage 1.5% (w/w) of the diet daily, and the betaine and ethanol group (B and E) was administered with the betaine group diet; after one hour the rabbits received ethanol at a dosage of 4 g/kg daily. Blood samples were taken in the morning of the day before beginning treatment (0.0 day) and on the 30th, 60th and 90th day of the treatment. Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were determined using a radioimmunoassay, total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) level was determined by homocysteine EIA kit, and 5- hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) of plasma was measured with HPLC-ECD. There was a significant negative correlation between 5-HIAA and tHcy in the E group (r=-0.473, P=0.02), and compared to the E group the concentrations of 5-HIAA in the B and E group increased considerably (p<0.05). In contrast to the E group, significantly high concentrations of 5-HIAA were observed in the B and C groups. While the serum concentrations of vitamin B12 showed no significant difference in the B and E group on the 90th day compared to the control group, the serum concentrations of folate on the 90th day differed significantly (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between tHcy and gender. Overall, oral pretreatment with betaine significantly prevented ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia, subsequently increasing 5-HIAA in the plasma as well as vitamin B12 and folate in the serum. Thus, betaine may be recommended as a pretreatment method for depressive patients with alcoholism.
Key words: Betaine, hyperhomocysteinemia, 5-HIAA, ethanol, vitamin B12, folate.
Katayoun Javidnia, Masoud Alirezaei*, Najmeh Khalighyan, and Saeedeh Saeb, Saeed Nazifi, Mehdi Saeb
Page: 1 - 9
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Biochemical profile of sodium selenite on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male Sprague-Dawley rats
Nasar Yousuf Alwahaibi1*, Siti Belkis Budin2 and Jamaludin Mohamed2
1Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat – Oman.
2Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Kebangsaan, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia.
Accepted 09 August, 2018
Abstract
Despite the success of experimental, clinical and epidemiological studies on selenium as an anti-cancer agent, basic studies on the effects of selenium are still scanty. This study was designed to investigate the biochemical effects of sodium selenite using preventive and therapeutic approaches on chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Rats were divided randomly into 6 groups: negative control, positive control [Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) + 2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF)], preventive group, preventive control group (respective control for preventive group), therapeutic group and therapeutic control group (respective control for therapeutic group). The activities of plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma- glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase ALP and concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulin were determined by an auto-analyzer. GGT and ALT activities were significantly higher in the positive control, preventive and therapeutic groups when compared with the negative control. Globulin concentration was significantly lower in the positive and therapeutic group controls and higher in the therapeutic group and its respective control when compared with the negative and positive controls, respectively. Plasma GGT enzyme marker could be used as an early marker for liver neoplasm in rats. The effect of selenium on globulin, as an indicator of immunity status, needs to be clarified.
Key words: Alanine transaminase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, liver neoplasm, selenium.
Siti Belkis Budin and Jamaludin Mohamed, Nasar Yousuf Alwahaibi*
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The use of cholinergic biomarker, cholinesterase activity of blue mussel Mytilus edulis to detect the effects of organophosphorous pesticides
K. Yaqin1* and P. D. Hansen2
1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
2Technische Universitaet Berlin, FB 7 -Intitute for Ecological Research and Technology, Department of Ecotoxicology, Berlin, Germany.
Accepted 06 August, 2018
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of organophosphorous pesticide on the cholinesterase activity of different organs of Mytilus edulis. The mussels were exposed to serial dilutions of the pesticides (0, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 µg/l) for 96 h. A significant inhibition of the cholinesterase activity from gill occurred at the lowest concentration, which indicated that gill was the most sensitive organ. The moderate sensitive organs were foot and mantle, which were inhibited by trichlorfon at 200 µg/l. The least sensitive organs were hemolymph, posterior adductor muscle and digestive gland were inhibited at 1000 µg/l. After incubation of the trichlorfon-exposed mussels for seven days in clean media, the cholinesterase activities from different organs of mussels were not cured completely. The cholinesterase activities from hemolymph, gill, posterior adductor muscle and digestive gland recovered, while the persistent inhibition of cholinesterase activity from foot and mantle were observed.
Key words: Biomarker, cholinesterase, mussel, trichlorfon.
P. D. Hansen, K. Yaqin*
Page: 1 - 8
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-004, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Correlation between moderate Plasmodium falciparum malarial parasitaemia and antioxidant vitamins in serum of infected children in South Eastern Nigeria
I. Onyesom1*, R. C. Ekeanyanwu2 and N. Achuka2
1Department of Medical Biochemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria.
2Department of Chemical Science, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.
Accepted 06 July, 2018
Abstract
The levels of antioxidant vitamins were estimated in Plasmodium falciparum malarial infected children aged 0 to 12 years. 113 children with P. falciparum infection were selected based on laboratory evidence and clinical symptoms. 87 apparently healthy children with no malarial parasitaemia were included as the control subjects. P. falciparum parasitaemia and serum levels of antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E) were determined using standard procedures. The results obtained showed that the mean malarial parasitaemia was 6203.01 ± 1216.79/µl and the mean serum antioxidant vitamin concentrations were 23.23±8.40 µl/dl for vitamin A, 0.49±0.18 mg/dL for vitamin C and 0.78±0.32mg/dL for vitamin E for the P. falciparum malarial infected children. The control children had higher concentrations of vitamins A (51.80±12.41 mg/dL, X2 = 60.713, P<0.05), C (1.01±0.16 mg/dl, X2 =0.031, P>0.05) and E (0.96±0.21 mg/dl, X2 =0.039, P>0.05). The degree of malarial parasitaemia and serum concentration of vitamin E were positively correlated (r=0.42) but vitamins A (r= -0.05) and C (-0.06) were negatively correlated. Children within 0-5 years of age had higher malarial parasitaemia (7379.82± 918.99/µl), and these children had lower concentrations of vitamins A (21.27±8.68 µg/dL) and C (0.45±0.19 mg/dL) when compared with children between 6 to 12 years (vitamin A= 25.19±8.12 µg/dl and vitamin C = 0.53±0.16 mg/dL). Results suggest that the degree of malarial parasitaemia in especially children between 0 to 5 years could compromise immunity (as judged by the correlation with and reduction in vitamin E). Malarial infection among children (0 to 12 years) decreased the serum antioxidant vitamin levels, and this could lower free radical defense and contribute to the morbidity and mortality of malaria among children in this region. Health care providers should recognize these effects in planning malarial treatment and control programmes. Changes in serum antioxidant levels during post-treatment period should be investigated and documented.
Key words: Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, antioxidant vitamins, Owerri, fever.
R. C. Ekeanyanwu and N. Achuka, I. Onyesom*
Page: 1 - 4
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-004, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The protective effect of beta glucan against Escherichia Coli infected mice via intraperitonial administration
Elufisan T. O.*, Oyelade Busayo and Oloke J. K.
National Centre for Technology Management, P.M.B. 012, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
Accepted 21 September, 2018
Abstract
Mice infected with ESCHERICHIA COLI were protected against lethal peritonitis by the intra peritoneal administration 0.2 ml of 10 mg of poly-1,3,1,6-glucotriosyl-1,3,1,3-glucopyranose (PGG) glucan per gram body weight of animal 24 h prior to bacterial infection. This procedure employed in this study, is similar to that employ in a previous studies where rat model were protected with β-glucan against intra-abdominal sepsis, where the intramuscular doses of 10 ml to 10 g per animal 24 h and 4 h prior to surgical implantation of the bacterial inoculums reduced the early mortality associated with the peritonitis phase of this experimental disease process. In this study mice were protected with β-glucan against peritonist 24 h prior to intraperitoneal administration of bacteria inoculums. Quantitative cultures of the liver obtained from mice infected with E.COLI showed significantly the liver of PGG glucan-treated infected animal has a reduced microbial load as compare to those infected and were not treated. The transient increase in survival rate of mice infected with E.COLI that have been treated with PGG glucan- as compare with that of those not treated shows the significant effect of β glucan on E.COLI infection.
Key words: Beta-glucan, Escherichia coli, poly-131-6-glucotriosyl-j31-3-glucopyranose (PGG) glucan, peritonitis, inoculums, intra-peritoneal, intramuscular
Oyelade Busayo and Oloke J. K., Elufisan T. O.*
Page: 1 - 4
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-012, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Induction of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase in bacterial spot disease resistance of tomato
S. Umesha* and R. Kavitha
Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, Karnataka, India.
Accepted 21 September, 2018
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is known to be involved in the defense related responses in many host-pathogen systems. Induction of CAD enzyme in bacterial spot disease resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) was investigated in the present studies. Twenty different tomato cultivars were screened for resistance against bacterial spot disease incited by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria under field conditions. Field screening was performed by artificially inoculating X. axonopodis pv. vesicatoria suspension to four-week-old tomato seedlings and observed for the typical symptoms of bacterial spot disease. They were categorized into highly resistant, resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible cultivars on the basis of disease incidence under field conditions. Tomato cultivars were subjected for estimating CAD - a defense-related enzyme. Temporal pattern of the enzyme was estimated using four cultivars representing each category of tomato cultivars by inoculating with six isolates of X. a. vesicatoria. Native PAGE analysis of CAD was carried out for the time course of enzyme activity and also by selecting three different tomato cultivars, after infecting with the pathogen. Based on the inducible amounts of the enzyme upon pathogen infection, the tomato cultivars were correlated with that of disease incidence under field conditions. A significant (P≤0.05) correlation was observed between the degree of host resistance and the enzyme level. In highly resistant tomato cultivar the enzymatic level was increased in comparison with highly susceptible tomato cultivars. Isoform analysis of CAD enzyme indicated a clear difference between the number of isoforms and also the intensity of each isoform after pathogen infection with the resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. A possible regulation of CAD in imparting host resistance is discussed here.
Key words: Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, bacterial spot, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, resistance, susceptibility.
S. Umesha*, R. Kavitha
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