Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-005, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial activity: A comparison of ripe and unripe fruit extracts of Cissus multistriata (Vitaceae) plant

Enemuor, Simeon Chukwuemeka¹, Omale, James²* and Joseph, Ekpa Matthew¹

¹Department of Microbiology, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.

²Department of Biochemistry, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.

Accepted 20 May, 2018

Abstract

The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the ripe and unripe fruit of Cissus multistriata against Escherichia coli (Swine) ISB492, E. coli (Swine) ISB440, Serratia marcescens FD5/64, S. marcescens FD1/62, Staphylococcus aureus FD1/62 and Bacillus cereus ISB517 were determined using agar ditch diffusion and tube dilution methods. The crude methanol extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against some of the tested bacterial isolates. Both ripe and unripe fruit extracts were inhibitory to S. marcescens (FD5/64). The unripe fruit extract also was inhibitory to S. marcescens FD1/62 and S. aureus FD1/62. The unripe fruit extract exhibited more antibacterial activity than the ripe fruit extract with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/ml. The present findings have added to the fact that C. multistriata has some medicinal values which the traditional medical practitioners have been tapping in their treatment of ailments in their localities. Further studies are required to identify the phytochemicals involved and to know the component that is lost during ripening that contributed to loss of some antibacterial activity of the ripe fruit extract of the plant. When these facts are harnessed, it will surely be useful in the development of some new drugs with broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.

Key words: Cissus multistriata, antibacterial activity, ripe and unripe fruit, bacterial isolates, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Kogi State, Nigeria.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-009, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Impact of Bacillus thuringiensis β – exotoxin to some biochemical aspects of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

Faten, F. Abuldahab, Najlaa, Y. Abozinadah* and Nawal, S. Al- Haiqi

Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 20 May, 2018

Abstract

The present investigation aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis β – exotoxin as a biological agent to control Musca domestica and to study its impact on some biochemical parameters of 2^nd larval instar. Laboratory studies are carried by applying topically the bacterium B. thuringiensis β– exotoxin at LC₃₀ under laboratory conditions (27 ± 2°C and 60±5% RH). The total protein contents of the total body, the total lipids, total carbohydrate, enzymatic activities of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, alkaline and acid phosphatases and non-specific esterases were estimated. Our data revealed that, the total soluble protein contents in supernatant of the homogenated larvae post-treatment was generally decreased, as affected by the tested material at different time intervals as compared to control. As well as a significant reduction in the total lipid content was observed, this may be due to production of enzymes that utilize lipids to remove the invading agent. The total carbohydrate contents was significantly reduced and the reduction was (-14.989, -43.33, 63.93 and -51.69%) with respect to control at the four different time intervals. While the activities of α – and β – esterases were decreased in larvae treated with LC₃₀ of B. thuringiensis israelensis and the reduction of enzymatic activity was highly significant. Alkaline and acid phosphatase showed a significant reduction in its activities. Bacterial treatments induced inhibition in the enzyme activity of invertase where the values of inhibition were (-27.85 , -5.92 , -19.46 and -39.96% ) at different time intervals. Also, a similar reduction of trehalase enzyme activity of treated larvae was observed at different time intervals (-32.81 , 12. 95 , -18.20 and - 5.16%). It may be possible in this instance to control flies by the use of this bacterium which incorporate spores and crystals of the appropriate strain of B. thuringiensis israelensis, by affecting the biochemical systems of the target insect. So, it is quite clear from our results that B. thuringiensis israelensis at concentration of LC₃₀ significantly decreased the activities of all biochemical parameters, we investigated. The general disturbance in metabolism could originate primarily from inhibition of chitin synthesis.

Key words: Housefly, bacteria, biocides, sublethal effects, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-012, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biochemical and molecular characterization of Haemophilus influenza isolated from Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Afaf I. Shehata*, Amal Abdulaziz Al-Hazani, Hesham Al-Aglaan and Hanan O. Al Shammari

Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.

Accepted 17 June, 2018

Abstract

The objective of this study focused on the prevalence of Haemophilus influenza to confirm the colonies of H. influenza on the basis of their growth requirements and serotype distribution. This study prepared 80 isolates of H. influenze isolated from five different sources (eye, ear, sputum (SP), lower genital tract (TA), and nasopharyngeal (NPA)) with different ages for infants and elderly persons. The phenotypic characteristics, which included the biotype, serotype, antibiogram and β-lactamase production, were applied by using APINH and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Also, the study focused on the identification of selected serotype using PFGE analysis. The discussion of this study differentiates the age groups occurrence in the isolates, alongside with non-typeable strain versus the typeable ones and their percentages in the sample of isolates. This clustering of most strains in one PFGE pattern might be explained with the colonel population structure of the encapsulated H. influenza.

Key words: Haemophilus influenza, biotype, serotype, antibiogram, β-lactamase.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-009, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of bacteremia in patients with diabetes mellitus in Karbala, Iraq

Mohammed A. K. Al-Saadi¹, Alaa H. Al-Charrakh¹* and Salim H. H. Al-Greti²

¹Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Babylon University, Babylon Province, Iraq.

²Medical Institute of Karbala, Karbala Province, Iraq.

Accepted 20 July, 2018

Abstract

The present study is designed to study bacteremia and to measure some immunological parameters of diabetic patients in Kerbala City, Iraq during the period from November 2006 until May 2007. This study included a total of 125 patients with diabetes mellitus (30 type I and 95 type II), and 55 healthy persons as Control subjects. Blood samples were collected from both patients and Controls, blood culture was done for bacterial isolation and identification, virulence factors as well as antibiotic susceptibility tests were assessed for each isolate. This study also included the estimation of T-cells count, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) concentration, interleukin-4 concentration, IgG, and IgM concentration. The obtained results showed that bacteremia was observed in 24% of the diabetic patients. Gram-positive bacterial isolates were more predominant; 21:30 (70%); than Gram-negative isolates; 9:30 (30%). Cefotaxime, tetracycline and trimethoprime-sulphamethazole antibiotics were the most effective drugs on both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Immunological tests showed decrease in T-cells count significantly (p<0.05) in type I and II diabetic patients (9.1%, 10.63%, respectively). Concentration of IFN-also decreased significantly (p<0.05) in same patients (0.285 and 0.313 I.U/ml, respectively) as compared with control subjects (0.860 I.U/ml). Levels of IL-4 decreased non-significantly (p>0.05) in patients with type I and II diabetes (7.050 and 7.703 pg/ml, respectively). The levels of IgG were increased significantly (p<0.05) in both types I and II (1674.45 and 2095.86 mg/dL) respectively, but the levels of IgM were increased significantly (p<0.05) in type II (177.64 mg/dL) and non-significantly (p>0.05) in type I.

Key words: Bacteremia, diabetes mellitus, antibiotics, IL-4, IFN-γ, Iraq.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (10), pp. 001-008, October, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Identification of single chain Fv antibody fragment against Helicobacter pylori

Cesar Pedroza-Roldan^{1, 2}*, Oscar Zavala-Tapia¹, Leny J. Alvarez-Araujo¹, Claudia Charles-Niño², Angel G. Diaz-Sanchez³ and Raymundo Rivas-Caceres¹

¹Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Anillo Envolvente del Pronaf y Estocolmo s/n. C.P.32300 A.P. 1595-D. Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua, México.

²Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, México.

³Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 70228, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, México.

Accepted 13 October, 2018

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common causes of infectious diseases around the world. Although combined antibiotic treatment for the infection exist, the development of therapies such as immunotherapy or an effective vaccine can be helpful for containment and prevention of the infection. Phage display technologies offer a simple way for selecting specific antibody fragments against a specific target. In this work, we report the construction of a phage display antibody library against H. pylori strain N2. The library is constituted of 2.4 × 10⁴ transformants. A total of 94 clones were randomly selected and screened against the N2 strain, where 22% of them recognized whole-cell extracts of H. pylori. Moreover, other 94 clones were screened against the J99 strain, where 12% of the clones recognized this strain. The scFv-E1N2 was selected and it showed high reactivity in ELISA experiments. Furthermore, it reacted with an antigen of 27 kDa in both strains of H. pylori tested in our study. In conclusion, this scFv library may be used for the selection of antibodies for the development of an immunodiagnostic test. Also, it may provide insights in the identification of antigens for the development of a new vaccine or immunotherapy.

Key words: Phage display libraries, scFv antibodies, Helicobacter pylori.