ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 18 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2024. https://internationalscholarsjournals.org/© International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Exploring the antimicrobial efficacy of Carica papaya L. root extracts
Doughari, J. H.*, Elmahmood, A. M. and Manzara, S.
Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 2076, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Accepted 16 July, 2023
Abstract
The bioactive compounds of root extracts of Carica papaya L. were extracted, using water and organic solvents, and were investigated for antibacterial activity against some pathogenic bacteria using the cup plate agar diffusion method. The aqueous extracts did not show significant activity, but the organic extracts had significant activity with the methanol extracts demonstrating the highest activity against the test bacteria. The extracts demonstrated higher activities against all the gram-negative bacteria than the gram-positive bacteria tested, with the highest activity (14 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Salmonella typhi. Increase in temperature enhanced the activity of the extracts, while alkaline pH decreased the activity. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extracts ranged between 50-200 mg/ml. Preliminary phytochemical analyses showed that the extracts contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and phenols. Carica papaya may be used for the treatment of gastroenteritis, uretritis, otitis media, typhoid fever and wound infections.
Key words: Carica papaya L., antibacterial activity, phytochemical analysis, antibiotics.
Doughari, J. H., Elmahmood, A. M, Manzara, S.
Page: 1 - 5
https://doi.org/10.46882/AJMR/2138Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 18 (6), pp. 001-004, June, 2024. https://internationalscholarsjournals.org/© International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Investigation of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella Typhi Isolates: A retrospective analysis
Doughari, J. H.1*, Elmahmood, A. M1. and Nggada, H. P.2
1Department of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology; PMB 2076 Yola.
Adamawa State, Nigeria.
2Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University or Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, PMB 6173 – Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Accepted 24 July, 2023
Abstract
Due to reported cases of antimicrobial resistance by many pathogenic bacteria against many antibiotics worldwide, and the sparse nature of antimicrobial resistance data, a retrospective study was carried out on 744 isolates of Salmonella typhi obtained from 974 samples from four different hospitals in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria between 2001-2004 to determine the resistance pattern of S. typhi to the most commonly used antibiotics cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol and ampicillin. High rates of resistance was found in most of the isolates studied. Resistance rates were 92.3, 88.8, 79.6, 53.5 and 20% to amoxicillin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin, respectively. The high percentage resistance to the antibiotics studied could be attributed to their prevailing usage and abuse in the area under study. The implication of the high percentage resistance recorded for the antibiotics is that only ciprofloxacin will effectively treat S. typhi infections. These results call for nationwide surveillance programme to monitor microbial trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns in Nigeria.
Key words: Antibiotics, resistance, surveillance, Nigeria, Salmonella typhi.
Doughari, J. H., Elmahmood, A. M, Nggada, H. P.
Page: 1 - 4
https://doi.org/10.46882/AJMR/2137Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 18 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2024. https://internationalscholarsjournals.org/© International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Groundnut varieties in Homa Bay County, Kenya: Vulnerability to aflatoxin contamination
Ndisio Boaz*, Peter Wachira, Victor Kagot and Sheila Okoth
School of Biological Sciences, University of Nairobi, Chiromo P. O. Box 30197, GPO, Nairobi, Kenya. *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +254(0) 714 867387.
Received 29 May, 2023; Accepted 14 November, 2023
Abstract
Groundnut is one of the staple foods in many parts of the world. Due to its high nutrient content, the nuts are liable to colonization by aflatoxigenic fungi and subsequent aflatoxin accumulation. This study was aimed at determining susceptibility of locally grown groundnut varieties to Aspergillus flavus in Homa Bay County, Western Kenya. A pretested questionnaire was used to survey agronomic practices on groundnut cultivation in 75 randomly selected households in the study site. From each household farm, 100 g soil samples and 500 g of groundnuts were collected at harvest and A. flavus isolated on Modified Rose-Bengal Agar and identified. Aflatoxin was then extracted from each of the groundnut samples and quantified using direct competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Red Valencia was the most cultivated among the 8 varieties identified. Farmers (66%) obtained the planting seeds from the local market and most (92%) did not use fertilizers with majority (94%) having no knowledge of aflatoxins. There was no significant inter-variety difference in aflatoxin accumulation (p=0.744, F=0.581, Df=6, 61). A highly significant association (t = 2.652; P = 0.010) was found between storage state of the groundnuts and aflatoxin levels, with 94% of the samples stored unshelled having aflatoxin levels below 10 ppb. Overall, only 6.7% of kernels sampled from all the divisions did not meet the EC aflatoxin limit of ≤4 ppb while 4% did not meet the KEBS limit of ≤10 ppb. Though the agronomic practices were poor, aflatoxin levels were predominantly low in the region suggesting that the aflatoxin accumulation is likely influenced by agro-ecological zoning as other studies have also been indicated.
Key words: Groundnuts, Aflatoxins, Aspergillus flavus.
Ndisio Boaz, Peter Wachira, Victor Kagot , Sheila Okoth
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Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 18 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2024. https://internationalscholarsjournals.org/© International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Comparing fungal resistance: A study on capsicum annuum and capsicum frutescens
Yahaya S. M.1*, Mukhtar D.1, Ali M. U. 1, Lawan M.1, Ibrahim A. M.2, Amina L. A.2, Tasiu A. M.2, Sadiya A. B.2, Maimuna M. D.2 and Musa M. J.2
1Department of Biology, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P. M. B. 3244 Kano State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +2348063537647.
2Department of Biochemistry, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P. M. B. 3244 Kano State, Nigeria.
Received 13 June, 2023; Accepted 28 August, 2023
Abstract
Experiment was carried out to compare the susceptibility of Capsicum annuum and Capsicum frutescens on sale to fungal infection at Sharada and Rimi markets in Kano metropolitan area. A total of four fungal species were isolated from samples of C. annuum and C. frutescens collected from the two markets. Out of the colonies isolated, the most abundant colony was A. niger (84, 39.25%). This was followed by R. stolonifer (71, 33.17%) and A. fumigatus (37, 17.28). The least occurring colony was A. flavus (22, 10.28). The difference between the four species was statistically significant at P < 0.001. On the basis of location, more colonies were isolated from samples collected from Sharada market (126, 58.87%) than Rimi market (88, 41.12%). The results indicate that hot or sweet features have no influence on the fungal infection of the sample from the two locations. More isolates were counted on Mondays (133, 62.1%) while 81 (37.9%) were counted on Thursdays. The differences between Mondays and Thursdays exposure was statistically significant at P<0.05.
Key words: Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, fungi, Rimi, Sharada.
Yahaya S. M., Mukhtar D., Ali M. U. , Lawan M., Ibrahim A. M., Amina L. A., Tasiu A. M., Sadiya A. B., Maimuna M. D., Musa M. J.
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 18 (3), pp. 001-010, March, 2024. https://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr/table-of-contents © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Chemical composition and antifungal activities of hydroethanolic extracts of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod waste, Ivory Coast
AKAFOU Ethien Felix1*, GOLY Kouassi Roselin Cyrille2, ATOBLA Koua3, SORO Yaya1 and ADIE Adjehi4
1Laboratoire des Procédés Industriels, de Synthèse et des Energies Nouvelles (LAPISEN), Institut National Polytechnique Félix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY de Yamoussoukro, BP 1093 Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
2Department of Science and Technology, UFR of Medical Sciences, Alassane Ouattara University, Bouaké, 01 BPV 18 Bouaké 01, Côte d’Ivoire
3Department of Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
4Laboratory of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Department of Food Science and Technology, Nangui Abrogoua University, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire.
Received 23 December, 2023; Accepted12 February, 2024 and Published 6 April 2024
Abstract
Cocoa cultivation generates large quantities of cocoa pod shells, the management of which is a concern for producing countries. This study aims to valorize cocoa pod waste by determining the chemical composition and antifungal activities of their hydroethanolic extracts. Secondary metabolites were extracted from the dried powder of plant material by maceration in hydroalcoholic solvent. Their families were determined by phytochemical screening and certain contents determined by dosage. Antifungal activities were evaluated in solid and liquid media. Extraction yields were 14.10 ± 0.08 and 11.92 ± 1.81% respectively for green and yellow pod shells. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of all the families sought in the yellow and green pod shells. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of yellow pods are higher than those of green pods with values of 35.50 ± 0.50 mg EAG/g and 65.33 ± 0.33 mg EQ/g of dry extract, respectively. However, condensed and total tannins are more abundant in green pods with contents of 16.40 ± 0.02 and 23.98 ± 0.02 mg EAT/g, respectively. Antifungal tests revealed that the four fungal strains tested were more sensitive to hydroethanol extract of yellow pod husks. Results obtained show that cocoa pod waste can be used in pharmaceutical field.
Key words: Cocoa pod waste, hydro-ethanolic extracts, secondary metabolites, antifungal activity.
AKAFOU Ethien Felix, GOLY Kouassi Roselin Cyrille, ATOBLA Koua, SORO Yaya, ADIE Adjehi
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2736-1756 Vol. 18 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2024. https://internationalscholarsjournals.org/© International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Prevalence of urinary tract infections in pediatric population of Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Aiyegoro O. A.1*, Igbinosa O. O.2, Ogunmwonyi I. N.3, Odjadjare E. E.1, Igbinosa O. E.1 and Okoh A. I.1
1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700 South Africa.
2University of Sint Eustatius, School of Medicine P. O. 73, Goldenrock Sint Eustatius, Netherlands-Antilles.
3Department of Microbiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
Accepted 20 January, 2024
Abstract
This study was carried out in order to determine the incidence of urinary tract infection in children and adolescents, identify the uro-pathogens responsible for the infection and study the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the uro-pathogens. Clean voided mid-stream urine samples were collected in sterile universal bottles from 301 children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 18 years at the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital complex (OAUTHC) Ile-Ife, Nigeria from December 2005 - July 2006. Culture plates with bacteria counts greater than or equal to 1x105 cfu-ml-1 were taken as positive, thus indicative of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). The bacteria isolates were identified based on colony morphology characteristics, Gram stain reaction and biochemical tests using API 20E kits. The identified bacteria were then tested in vitro with standard antibiotics disc to determine their antibiotics sensitivity patterns. The result of this study shows that 36 (11.96%) of the 301 patients studies had UTI. Of the 124 females examined, 28 (22.4%) had positive urine culture while 8 (4.56%) of the 177 males had significant bacteriuria. A total of 36 bacterial isolates were obtained. Escherichia coli constituted the predominant organism and was responsible for (52.77%) of the cases of UTI. This was followed by Klebsiella sp. (25%), Proteus mirabilis (13.89%), Streptococcus faecalis (5.56%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.78%). The antibiotics sensitivity test revealed a high level of resistant to cotrimoxazole, amoxicillin and colistin as more than 60% of the isolates were resistance to these. This study highlights the presence of multi-resistance P. aeruginosa and poor compliance of the pathogens in vitro to antibiotics commonly used in treating UTI. It is therefore suggested that appropriate antimicrobials be administered to reduce the risk of multiply resistance organisms developing and avert ineffectiveness of antibiotics. Prompt therapeutic intervention is also essential to prevent cases of asymptomatic UTI from becoming symptomatic with resultant damage.
Keywords: UTI, uro-pathogens, antibiotic sensitivity.
Aiyegoro O. A., Igbinosa O. O., Ogunmwonyi I. N., Odjadjare E. E., Igbinosa O. E., Okoh A. I.
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