ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Scrutiny for a disaccharide oxide reductase from filamentous extracellular pathogens
Monica A. Calderon Oropeza1*, Raul A. Mendoza Martinez 1, Georgina Reyna Lopez2, Gustavo Santoyo1, Alberto Flores Garcia1 and Mauro M. Martinez-Pacheco1
1Instituto de Investigaciones Quimico Biologicas de la Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo, Mexico.
2Departamento de Biologia, Division de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico.
Accepted 25 March, 2019
Abstract
World demand to find microorganism producers of enzymes with a potential biotechnological use is increasing daily. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find one or more microorganisms capable of oxidizing sugars. Of the thirteen strains tested AFG2 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum was the one who showed the best results concerning oxidant capacity against a variety of disaccharides. This fungus was selected for the time course of production of an extracellular oxide-reducing enzyme in liquid minimal medium. A disaccharide-oxidizing peak was obtained on the tenth day of incubation. It was found that the oxide-reducing activity is of enzymatic nature given that the extracellular extract is exposed to enzyme inhibitors and various denaturing agents. Additionally, it was possible to visualize the oxide-reducing activity by zymogram which allowed us to identify a band of enzyme activity with a calculated molecular mass of 79.43 kDa. Thus, C. lindemuthianum AFG2 wild fungal isolate is a candidate to study the production of these enzymes under optimized growth conditions that can increase performance.
Key words: Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, disaccharide oxide reductase activity relative zymogram.
Georgina Reyna Lopez, Raul A. Mendoza Martinez, Alberto Flores Garcia and Mauro M. Martinez-Pacheco, Gustavo Santoyo, Monica A. Calderon Oropeza*
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of mixing urea with zeolite and sago waste water on nutrient use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.)
Latifah Omar1, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed1* and Ab Majid Nik Muhamad2
1Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.
2Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Accepted 25 February, 2019
Abstract
The efficiency of urea is poor due to the substantial amount of N lost to the atmosphere by ammonia volatilization. Thus, the objectives of this greenhouse study were to evaluate the effectiveness of mixing urea with zeolite and sago waste water on N, P and K uptake and their use efficiency in maize cultivation, and soil exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, pH, exchangeable K, and available P contents. The treatments evaluated were: No fertilizer (T0), 2.02 g urea (T1), 2.02 g urea + 30 g zeolite + 7 L sago waste water (T2), 2.02 g urea + 40 g zeolite + 7 L sago waste water (T3), and 2.02 g urea + 7 L sago waste water (T4). Triple Super Phosphate (TSP) and Muriate of Potash (MOP) were used as sources of P and K for all the treatments except for T0. These fertilizers were applied twice that is 10 and 28 days after planting. Phosphorus and K requirements of the test crop were met by applying TSP and MOP (standard rate for the test crop) to plants of all the treatments except T0. The mixtures of sago waste water, and zeolite, with urea had significant effect on dry matter, N, P, K uptake and N, P, K use efficiency compared with urea without additives. These mixtures also significantly increased soil exchangeable ammonium, K, Ca, Mg, available P, and nitrate contents compared with urea without additives. Amending urea with sago waste water and peat soil water can reduce ammonia loss by encouraging formation of ammonium and nitrate over ammonia. Additionally, the mixtures ensure N, P, K uptake and their use efficiency while at the same time making soil ammonium, K, Ca, Mg, P, and nitrate available for plant use.
Key words: Urea, ammonia volatilization, zeolite, sago waste water, exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, maize.
Latifah Omar, Osumanu Haruna Ahmed* and Ab Majid Nik Muhamad
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The prevalence, antibiogram and characterisationof methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among the patients from the Doon Valley hospitals
Sachin Sharma and Anju Mall*
Department of Microbiology, Himachal Institute of Life Sciences, Paonta Sahib (H.P.) India.
Accepted 25 March, 2019
Abstract
In 1880, Staphylococcus aureus was first discovered by a surgeon named Sir Clifton Smithin pus from surgical abscesses in Aberdeen, Scotland. Methicillin, as the first beta-lactamase resistant penicillin, was used to treat S. aureus infection in 1961. The first methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was identified in the United Kingdom in the same year. It appeared in the United States in 1981 among intravenous drug users. MRSA is an important agent of hospital-acquired infection. Two hundred patients who were admitted in the Doon valley hospitals were screened for nasal colonization of MRSA. Morphological and biochemical identification was also done. Out of 200 nasal samples, 97 S. aureus were recovered. Crome agar was used in order to detect MRSA, only 23 S. aureus were recovered out of total 97 isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by using the disk diffusion technique on Mueller-Hinton agar. A total of 12 antibiotics were used. Our study reveal the presence of MRSA in the Doon valley hospitals this might also be prevalent in other parts of India as antibiotic misuse is equally common there. This will help in treating this problem in referral hospitals.
Key words: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Doon valley, prevalence, antibiotics.
Anju Mall*, Sachin Sharma
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-009, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Isolation and screening of a-glucosidase enzyme inhibitor producing marine actinobacteria
S. Ganesan, S. Raja, P. Sampathkumar, K. Sivakumar and T. Thangaradjou*
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences,
Annamalai University Parangipettai-608 502, Tamil Nadu, India.
Accepted 09 March, 2019
Abstract
a-Glucosidase enzymes are responsible for hydrolyses of carbohydrates thereby converting dietary disaccharides into absorbable monosaccharide. Inhibitors of such enzymes can be used as clinical tool for treating diabetes. Conventionally such inhibitors are reported from plant and microbial sources. However, microbial inhibitors are considered to be the most important as they are capable of producing micro molecular compounds. Hence the present study was conducted to test actinobacteria for their ability to produce yeast and rat α-glucosidase inhibitors. a-glucosidase inhibitor producing ability of 30 strains of marine actinobacteria was characterized. The strains showed significant inhibitory activity against yeast and mammalian a-glucosidase. Of the 30 strains, only four strains showed significant yeast a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Among the four, PSG-22 showed 90% significant inhibitory activity. Similarly, six strains showed above 50% of inhibition of mammalian α-glucosidase enzyme in the rat system. Among the six strains, PSG-22 showed significant activity of about 80% inhibition activity. Interestingly strain PSG-22 was looking like an indigenous marine form as it required seawater for its growth.
Key words: Actinobacteria, a-glucosidase inhibitor, marine, enzyme inhibitor.
S. Raja, K. Sivakumar and T. Thangaradjou*, S. Ganesan, P. Sampathkumar
Page: 1 - 9
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-010, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Enhanced production of mycelial biomass and ganoderic acid in submerged culture of Ganoderma applanatum ACCC-52297 elicited by feeding rutin
Zhicai Zhang1,2,3*, Wangli Shen1, Dan Liu1 and Jiashao Li1
1School of Food and Biotechnology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China.
2Beijing Green Technology and Natural Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing 102300, P. R. China.
3Parchn Sodium Isovitamin C Co. Ltd., Dexing, 334221, China.
Accepted 16 February, 2019
Abstract
In this study, it was found that supplementation of 0.6 g/L rutin could improve the fermentation performance of Ganoderma applanatum ACCC-52297 in terms of mycelial growth and ganoderic acid (GA) production. Albeit retarded mycelial growth was detected at the first 36 h in the submerged culture of G. applanatum ACCC-52297 with the addition of rutin, kinetic model analysis revealed that rutin could improve mycelial growth and GA synthesis at the later phase of the fermentation (after 36 h). As such, rutin post-feeding strategy was proposed to elevate the final GA titer and at the same time minimize the inhibitory effect of rutin on mycelia growth. As a result, higher GA production (293 mg/L) and dry mycelia weight (DCW) (30.5 g/L) were achieved, GA were increased by 102.1 and 7.32%, and DCW were increased by 200 and 130% compared with those culture without addition of rutin and addition of 0.6 g/L rutin at the beginning of fermentation, respectively. Rheology analysis showed that addition of rutin was adversely related with the broth consistency coefficient and apparent viscosity, possibly due to the inhibitory effect of rutin on the biosynthesis of some macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, which could partially account for the improved production of mycelia and GA during G. applanatum ACCC-52297 fermentation. Quericean, a metabolite of rutin, was also found to accumulate within the mycelium. It was concluded that rutin does not participate in the synthesis of GA as a precursor but rather facilitates the synthesis of GA and mycelia biomass by increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration during fermentation.
Key words: Ganoderma applanatum, rutin, ganoderic acid, dry cell weight, rheology.
Zhicai Zhang*, Wangli Shen, Dan Liu and Jiashao Li
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-010, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Predicting the catalytic sites of Streptomyces clavuligerus deacetylcephalosporin c synthase and clavaminate synthase 2
Hong Soon Chin1*, Khang Wen Goh1, Kah Cheng Teo1, Mun Yee Chan1, Seong Wei Lee2 and Lisa Gaik Ai Ong1
1Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia.
2Faculty of Agro Industry and Nature Resources, University Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.
Accepted 11 March, 2019
Abstract
Enzymes categorized under the 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily and Taurine catabolism dioxygenase TauD family demonstrated a striking structural conserveness even with low protein sequence homology. It is evident that these enzymes have an architecturally similar to catalytic centre with active ligands lining the reactive pocket. Deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS), isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), deacetylcephalosporin C synthase (DACS), clavaminate synthase 1 and 2 (CAS1 and 2) are important bacterial enzymes that catalyze the formation of β-lactam antibiotics. With the advancement of protein structural analysis software, it is possible to predict the catalytic sites of protein that shared a structural resemblance. By exploiting the superimposition model of DAOCS-IPNS, DAOCS-CAS1 and IPNS-CAS1, a computational protocol for predicting the catalytic sites of proteins is now made available. This study shows that without the crystallized or NMR structures of DACS and CAS2, the plausible catalytic sites of protein can be forecasted using this structural bioinformatics approach.
Key words: Isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), deacetoxycephalosporin C synthase (DAOCS), deacetylcephalosporin C synthase (DACS), clavaminate synthase (CAS), 2OG-Fe (II) oxygenase superfamily.
Kah Cheng Teo, Seong Wei Lee and Lisa Gaik Ai Ong, Hong Soon Chin*, Khang Wen Goh, Mun Yee Chan
Page: 1 - 10