Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Toxicological effects of chlorpyrifos and methidathion in young chickens

Ojezele, Matthew Obaineh¹* and Abatan, Oluwole Matthew²

¹Department of pharmacology and therapeutics, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria.

²Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Ibadan, P. O. Box 20711 (U. I.), Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 25 January, 2017

Abstract

The objective of this work is assessment of the toxicological effects of the organophosphorus compounds (methidathion and chlorpyrifos) and the usefulness of some parameters as bioindicators. Haematology and serum biochemistry were assayed in 15 cockrels at random age of 4 - 6 weeks. The birds were randomly assigned to 3 oral (by mouth) pulse-dose treatments of 0, 3.5 mg/kg chlorpyrifos, and 7.5 mg/kg methidathion, respectively. Haematology and serum biochemistry were used as indices of toxicosis. Significantly (P < 0.05) reduced WBC, Neutrophils and Lymphocyte counts were observed in the groups of birds dosed with chlorpyrifos and methidathion. PCV, Hb, and RBC were significantly decreased by methidathion while chlorpyrifos caused a significant increase in these parameters. Results obtained in this study also showed that methidathion and chlorpyrifos caused significant decrease in the levels of ALP, ALT, TP, and ALB. While methidathion caused a significant decrease in the level of AST reverse is the case for chlorpyrifos with respect to AST. It was also observed that both organophosphates had no significant effect on the level of BIL. The study thus showed that the evaluated parameters can serve as useful bioindicators of the sub lethal exposure to organo-phosphorus compounds.

Key words: Biochemistry, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, bioindicators, cockrels, haematology.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The effect of allelic variation on forage quality of brown midrib sorghum mutants with reduced caffeic acid O-methyl transferase activity

R. K. Vogler¹, T. T. Tesso², K. D. Johnson¹ and G. Ejeta¹*

¹Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA.

²Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.

Accepted 30 January, 2017

Abstract

Sorghum brown midrib (bmr) mutants have reddish-brown vascular tissues in their leaves and stems as a result of changes in lignin content and subunit composition. Past research at Purdue University has generated a set of bmr sorghum mutants via chemical mutagenesis and established some to be allelic to each other. More recently, we identified additional spontaneous mutants in true breeding lines with marked phenotype and a range of agronomic characteristics. One such mutant, bmr-26, is of particular interest because it arose in a drought-tolerant sorghum line. Analysis of testcross hybrids between this spontaneous bmr mutant and the chemically induced mutants, bmr-6 and bmr-12, showed that the bmr-26 allele was allelic to bmr-12 and not to bmr- 6. Both the bmr-12 and the bmr-26 mutations significantly reduced lignin content in leaf, blade, sheath, stem, and panicle tissue. The effect of the mutation was relatively more severe in bmr- 12 than in bmr-26. The impact of the two mutations on cell wall composition in different tissues varied. The biggest effect of the bmr-12 mutation was in reduction of lignin in the sheath, whereas lignin content in panicles was more affected by the bmr-26 mutation. This suggested an allele-specific effect in tissue lignin reduction of these mutants. Cellulose and hemicellulose concentrations were also significantly higher in certain tissue types for both the induced and spontaneous mutants. Forage quality traits including percent NDF and ADF were significantly increased by both mutations. Improvement in in vitro dry matter digestibility as a result of the bmr-26 mutation was relatively small and was not proportional to the reduction in the lignin content.

Key words: Acid detergent fiber (ADF), bmr, brown midrib, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), lignin, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), Sorghum bicolor.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Peripheral blood and C-reactive protein levels (CRP) in chronic periodontitis

Balwant Rai¹, Jasdeep Kaur ², Simmi Kharb², Rajnish Jain², S. C. Anand² and Jaipaul Singh²

¹Prabhu Dayal Memorial (PDM) Dental College and Research Institute - Haryana - Bahadurgarh-India.

²BJS dental collage, India

³Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

⁴UClan, UK

Accepted 4 December, 2016

Abstract

Evidence for a potential link between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease (CHD) has accumulated in recent years. C-reactive protein is potential marker of cardiovascular risk and associated with periodontal disease. CRP levels were analyzed in 26 periodontitis patients and 23 healthy controls along with hemoglobin, red blood cell count (RBC), leukocyte cell count (total and differential WBC), platelet count. Total WBC, neutrophil and platelet counts and CRP levels were raised significantly in periodontitis patients as compared to controls (p<0.01) while RBC count and hemoglobin were significantly lowered in periodontitis as compared to controls (p<0.01). These findings suggest an important role of CRP in development of periodontitis. Routinely screening for CRP in periodontitis patients might be an important tool to prevent heart disease.

Key words: C-reactive protein, WBC, RBC, thrombocyte, periodontitis, coronary heart disease.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antinociceptive properties of Trigonella foenumgreacum seeds extracts

A. Laroubi¹*, L. Farouk¹, R. Aboufatima, A. Benharref ², A. Bagri³ and A. Chait¹

¹Laboratory of Animal Physiology unit of Ecophysiology, Cadi-Ayyad University, Faculty of Science Semlalia Marrakech, Morocco.

²Chemistry Laboratory of the Natural Substances and the Heterocycles, Cadi-Ayyad University, Faculty of Science Semlalia Marrakech, Morocco.

³Laboratory of Biochimestry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Hassan 1^er, B.P.: 577, Settat 26000, Morocco.

Accepted 23 July, 2017

Abstract

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Leguminosae), known in Morocco as “Helba”, is used in folk medicine for its anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, cicatrizing activities and to treat various pain-related physiological conditions. In the present study, we attempted to verify the possible antinociceptive action of different extracts obtained from the seeds of this plant. Three experimental models were used (acetic acid, formalin, and hot-plate tests) in order to characterize the analgesic effect. The extracts significantly, and in a dose-dependent manner, reduced the pain induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid. In the formalin test, the extracts, except ethyl acetate extract (Tfge), significantly reduced the painful stimulus but only in the early phase of the test. On the contrary, these extracts, except Tfge, were ineffective to increase the latency of licking or jumping in the hot plate test. These results suggest that the compounds present in the extracts activated both central and peripheral mechanisms to elicit the analgesic effect.

Key words: Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds, writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, nociception, mice, rats.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Regenerative action of Cochlospermum tinctorium aqueous root extract on experimentally induced hepatic damage in rats

Etuk E. U^1*, Francis U. U², Garba I³

^1&3Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.

²Department of Pharmacognosy and natural medicine, University of Uyo, Nigeria.

Accepted 15 May, 2017

Abstract

The hepatoprotective effect of aqueous root extract of Cochlospermum tinctorium on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) on induced hepatic damage in rats was reported. The present study examined the curative action of the plant extract on experimentally induced hepatic damage in rats. Wistar rats were divided into normal control, induction control, extract and prednisolone treated groups. Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of CCl₄ (30% in olive oil) for 5 days. Treatment group received 200 mg/kg of extract post hepatotoxicity induction orally for 7 days. The animals were sacrificed on the 8^th day, blood and hepatic tissue collected for liver function test and histopathological analysis respectively. Administration of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatic damage in the rats was evidenced by a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the blood clotting time, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and bilirubin as compared to the control. There was also a significant reduction in the serum total protein, serum albumin and reduced glutathione levels. Treatment with the extract reversed the values of all the biochemical parameters to near normal values in control. The histopathological reports collaborate with the biochemical analysis results. Oral administration of aqueous root extract of Cochlospermum tinctorium for 7 days has significantly reversed hepatic damage produced by CCl₄ in wistar rats.

Key words: Cochlospermum tinctorium, carbon tetrachloride, hepatotoxicity, wistar rats.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of 50 Hz electromagnetic fields on acid phosphatase activity

K. S. Prashanth¹*, T. R. S. Chouhan² and Snehalatha Nadiger³

¹Research Scholar, Dr M.G.R University, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India.

²Ethica Matrix CRO Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India.

³Department of Biotechnology, New Horizon College of Engineering, Outer Ring Road, Panathur post Bangalore-560087, Karnataka(s) India.

Accepted 29 January, 2017

Abstract

The effect of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic field (EMF) (50 Hz 0.5 mT) on the activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) was studied. In addition the factors affecting the enzyme activity such as the temperature, pH and substrate concentration were also investigated. The results show that ELF EMF have significant influence on enzyme activity. Upon EMF exposure K_m increased from 0014 ± 0.005 to 0.040 ± 0.008 mM whereas V_max increased from 0.991 ± 0.254 to 1.638 ± 0.345 µmol/min. Further studies can probably help in finding suitable applications for ELF based modulation of enzyme activity.

Key words: ELF EMF, acid phosphatase, enzyme activity.