Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants on common enteric food-borne pathogens

A. O. Ajayi* and T. A. Akintola

Department of Microbiology, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 01, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 22 January, 2014

Abstract

Enterobacteria are often responsible for various gastrointestinal foods borne infection in humans especially in the developing countries. Cassia occidentalis, Croton zambensicus and Newbouldia leavis known as ‘Ewe ori esi’, Ajekobale and Akoko respectively in Yoruba are three plants whose leaves are used in combination by boiling to treat gastrointestinal and diarrhea illnesses among indigenes of Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. The leave extracts from these medicinal plants were screened in vitro in the laboratory for their antibacterial activity against two prominent enteric bacteria, that is, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium using the agar disc diffusion method. The tyndalized leave extract of C. zambesicus showing antibacterial inhibition zone of 4 and 2 mm against S. typhimurium and E. coli respectively exhibited highest activity during the study than the autoclaved samples and other plant sources tested independently or combined, showing that the combinations of the extract samples do not exhibit synergistic effects. C. zambesicus can however be optimized clinically for chemotherapeutic control of these food-borne enteric infections.

Key words: Antimicrobial, enterobacteria, evaluation, food -borne, pathogens, plants.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Studies on mycorrhizae development and anatomical confirmation of mycorrhizae formed on Pinus caribaea Mor. var. hondurensis Barr. and Golf. Seedlings

Akaneme Florence Ifeoma¹* and Ene-Obong Efiom Ene-Obong²

¹Department of Botany, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

²Cross Rivers State University of Technology, Calabar, Cross Rivers State, Nigeria.

Accepted 22 January, 2014

Abstract

The effects of three soil collections from old pine plantations in Nigeria: Enugu, Ugwuoba and Nsukka and a control soil on mycorrhizae development as well as morphology of the mycorrhizal rootlets, anatomical confirmation of mycorrhizae development were investigated. Enugu soil induced the greatest mycorrhizal infection (44%) and growth of seedlings. It is, therefore, recommended for nursery inoculations of pine seedlings. Bifurcate mycorrhizae characteristic of pines were observed in all treatments. Coherent rhizomorphs were found to be associated with mycorrhizae in Enugu, Ugwuoba and Nsukka soils. Anatomy of the mycorrhizae showed the presence of a fungal sheath and the cortical layer with associated Hartig net. The presence of clamp connections in the fungal sheath and rhizomorphs places the fungi involved in the class Basidiomycetes.

Key words: Mycorrhizae, Pinus caribaea, seedlings.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Adherence and damage to epithelial cells of human lung by Ureaplasma urealyticum strains biotype 1 and 2

A.  Torres-Morquecho^{1, 2}, A. Rivera-Tapia³, F. González-Velazquez⁴, J. Torres¹, B. Chávez-Munguia⁵, L. Cedillo-Ramírez³ and S. Giono-Cerezo²*

¹Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Pediatría, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México.

²Depto. Microbiología, ENCB-IPN, México.

³Centro de Investigaciones Microbiológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México.

⁴División de Investigación, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades # 14, IMSS, México.

⁵Departamento de Patología Experimental, CINVESTAV-IPN, México.

Accepted 3 December, 2014

Abstract

Ureaplasma sp. is associated with chronic lung disease and it has been implicated in the morbidity and mortality of new born babies (human). Adherence is an important process for lung infection, and scarce information is available in this respect. This work shows its adhesion to epithelial cells from the respiratory tract in culture, and evaluates the Ureaplasma sp. references and clinical strains isolated from premature newborns. Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype 8 and five clinical samples were evaluated, using the Bertholet assay. They were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy to A549 cell line. Adherence was abolished by pre-treatment of ureaplasmas with A549 cell extracts and inhibited by pretreatment of ureaplasmas with N-acetylneuraminic acid, trypsine, glucose and monoclonal antibodies (mAb 106.C anti-MB against U. parvum serotype 3). Ureaplasma sp. (biotypes 1 y 2) adherence had no significant difference (P = 0.127) . The clinical strains by scanning electron microscopy showed a similar damage. Both reference and clinical strains produced evident changes in cell morphology. Micro-colonies were observed on the cells. By transmission electron microscopy, ureaplasmas attached on the cell surface and into the cytoplasm were observed. The A549 cellular line is a good model for the study of adherence of Ureaplasma sp. The urease test by Bertholet assay is a good indicator of colonization. These data suggested that ureaplasma adhesins are proteinaceous antigenic substance. Inhibition assays with neuraminidase and glucose showed binding to sialic acid residues and suggested as possible adhesin to MB (multi banded antigen).

Key words: Ureaplasma urealyticum, adherence, epithelial cells, damage.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

An efficient protoplast isolation and regeneration system in Coprinus comatus

Linhui Li¹*, Qingyu Yin¹, Xiaohong Liu¹ and Hong Yang²

¹Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation, China West Normal University, Nanchong City 637009, P. R. China.

²Department of Biochemistry, Xichang College, Xichang City 615022, P. R. China.

Accepted 24 February, 2014

Abstract

An  efficient  protocol  for  protoplast  isolation  and  regeneration  was  first  established  in  Coprinus Comatus. The highest yield of protoplasts was up to 8.9 × 10⁶ cells/ml in digestion solution containing 2.0% lywallzyme and 0.6 M KCl after incubation of four-day-old mycelia at 30°C for 3 h; among which, about 1.4% protoplasts could be regenerated into mycelia after 4 - 6 days of incubation at 25°C in CYM medium with 0.6 M mannitol as osmotic stabilizer. The results are beneficial for breeding new cultivars by the methods such as protoplast fusion, mutagenesis as well as transformation. Moreover, the stepwise procedure for protoplast liberation and regeneration could be referred in other species.

Key words: Coprinus comatus, mycelia, lywallzyme, protoplast, liberation and regeneration.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Mycoflora identified from loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) egg shells and nest sand at Fethiye beach, Turkey

Özgür Güçlü*, Halil Bıyık and Aslı ahiner

¹Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydın, Turkey.

Accepted 3rd December, 2014

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the mycoflora of the loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta, from its nests and eggshells at Fethiye Beach, Turkey. During the 2004 breeding season, following the complete emergence of the hatchlings, sand samples were collected from 15 nests and eggs from these nests were swabbed. Rose Bengal chloramphenicol agar was used for isolation, and then mycoflora were subcultured onto suitable media. Fungi were counted and identified at genus level. Ten genera were identified within the nests and eggshells. Aspergillus sp., Chrysosporium sp., Fusarium sp. and Penicillum sp. were identified both in nests and eggshells. Furthermore, while Absidia sp., Cylindrocarpon sp., Emericella sp. and Mucor sp. were only identified in the nests, Cladosporium sp. and Thielavia sp. were only identified in eggshells. In addition, there was a positive correlation between total number of isolated fungus and embryonic death in nests (r = 0.53, p < 0.05). Hatching success was negatively correlated with total number of isolated fungus (r = -0.54, p < 0.05) . Our study indicates a relation between hatching success and fungal flora of the nests. Presence of fungi may also be important for the researchers who digs nest to avoid infections or allergies due to these fungi.

Key words: Mycoflora, fungus, Caretta caretta, Fethiye beach.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

 Full Length Research Paper

Separation and identification of lipase - producing strains and immobilized transesterification efficiency

Jing Li^{1, 2}, Shu Zhang¹, Guanghua Liu¹, Rui Zhao¹, Hui Xu, Dairong Qiao¹ and Yi Cao¹*

¹Microbial and Metabolic Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.

²College of Material and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China.

Accepted 26 January, 2014

Abstract

12 strains of lipase - producing were isolated from 36 samples collected from oil - contaminated soil of machinery - repair plant, dining room, and vegetable market, respectively, of which strain (3 - 2) had the highest hydrolytic activity (17.1 U/ml). Immobilized cell of strain 3 - 2 onto sodium alginate and immobilized crude enzyme solution of strain (3 - 2) onto Sodium alginate were respectively used in two transesterification programs to transfer the Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Results showed that both immobilized crude enzyme solution and cell were of high transesterification efficiency for Transesterification Program I, respectively 32.72 and 26.84%. Cycle test done in this Program found that immobilized crude enzyme solution and cell still keep some transesterification efficiency after being recycled thrice at least. Meanwhile, hydrolytic activity of crude enzyme solution had some correlation with transesterification efficiency. However, hydrolytic activity of immobilized cell did not have a clear correlation with the latter. Strain (3 - 2) belonged to Sphingobacterium multivorum. Up to now, the transesterification research has not been reported.

Key words: Lipase, crude enzyme solution, bacterial cell, immobilized, transesterification.