Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Differentiation of field isolates and vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus by DNA sequencing

Majid Sadeghi¹*, Mohammad Hasan Bozorgemehrifard², Hadi keyvanfar³, Hassan Momtaz⁴, Abdolhamid Shooshtari⁵ and Saied Charkhkar⁶

¹Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

²Division of poultry disease, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

³Division of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

⁴Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch, Shahrekord, Iran.

⁵Division of poultry disease and research, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, Karaj, Tehran, Iran.

⁶Department of poultry disease, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 10 October, 2019

Abstract

Avian infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a severe clinical respiratory disease of chickens and causes the clinical symptoms of difficulty in breathing and bloody coughing and as if involves laying hens affect the egg production. Two different regions of the infected cell protein 4 (ICP4) gene of infectious laryngotrucheitis virus (ILTV) were amplified and sequenced for characterization of field isolates and tissue culture-origin (TCO) and chicken embryo-origin (CEO) vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the two regions showed no differences in nucleotide and amino acid sequences between Iranian field isolates with high morbidity and nearly 30% mortality and CEO attenuated vaccines. These findings suggest that modified-Live (ML) ILT vaccine viruses may increase in virulence after bird-to-bird passages.

Key words: Avian infectious laryngotracheitis, infected cell protein 4, phylogenetic analysis.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Production of microbial oils from Mortierella sp for generation of biodiesel livestock

Iniya Kumar¹*, M. A. Ramalakshmi², U. Sivakumar^2,3, P. Santhanakrishnan² and Xinmin Zhan¹

¹Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.

²Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India.

³Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0700, Florida United States.

Accepted 10 January, 2020

Abstract

Biodiesel is an alternative renewable fuel and its production rises rapidly. Microbial oils produced by oleaginous microorganisms can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel production so as to sustain the increasing demand for biodiesel and alleviate the competition with the food supply. This study investigated oil production by an oleaginous fungus, Mortierella sp., which was isolated from soils of Tamil Nadu in India. The flask culturing experiment shows that the optimal lipid production conditions were glucose as the carbon source (0.16 M), yeast extract (one percent) as the nitrogen source, temperature at 30°C and pH of 6.5. Under the optimal conditions, the oil production potential of Mortierella sp was examined in a three-litre pilot-scale fermentor. The fungus accumulated 44.1% of lipids in dry biomass and the biomass growth was 15.9 g l^-1. The fungal oil contained oleic acid of 38.2%, stearic acid of 11.5%, linolenic acid of 4.8% and palmitic acid of 19.6%, and its fatty acid composition was similar to that of vegetable oils. The crude oil had properties: density of 920 Kg/m³ at 15°C, viscosity of 54.81 mm²/s at 40°C, flash point of 218°C, pour point of 7.0°C, water content of 3.9%, ash content, 0.62%, carbon residue of 0.082%, acid value of 28.22 Mg KOH/g, calorific value of 32.05 MJ/Kg, free fatty acid of 14.55, and fire point of 230°C. The oil properties were much similar to Jatropha oil and rapeseed oil.

Key words: Biodiesel, microbial oil, Mortierella sp, oleaginous fungi.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Screening of contaminated soils for biodegradable plastic producing bacteria and profiling of their resistance markers

Nighat Naheed*, Nazia Jamil and Shahida Hasnain

Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore-54590, Pakistan.

Accepted 12 January, 2020

Abstract

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are the biodegradable polyesters produced by bacteria to overcome the environmental stress. Contaminated environments have a large number of bacteria which can accumulate PHA as their energy reserves. Molasses, oil/ghee and sewerage contaminated soils were selected for the screening of biodegradable plastic- producing bacterial strains. The selected contaminated environments showed great diversity of bacterial flora, PSEUDOMONAS (39.39%) being the most common. The 54 bacterial isolates were further screened by Sudan Black B staining after 48 h of incubation on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) - detection media with glucose as a carbon source and Nile Blue A viable colony staining method. The PHA granules could not be detected in 6 bacterial isolates (AS1, AS2, AP2, AP1, LS13 and VM1). In soil samples contaminated with molasses (sugar industry waste), 95% and in samples contaminated with oil/ghee industry waste all bacterial isolates showed PHA accumulation ability. The accumulated PHA was extracted by direct addition of sodium dodesyl sulphate (SDS). The bacterial isolates SM5, SM11, PG5, UOS2, LS10, AP4 and LS3 accumulated more than 50% PHA of their wet cell mass. No correlation was observed between bacterial growth and the PHA production. The bacterial strains showed multiple resistant markers for selected antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin) and heavy metals (copper and cadmium). A high level of resistance was observed for penicillin (100 - 4500 µg/ml) and copper (1.5 - 17 mM/ml) in PHA- producing strains.

Key words: Biodegradable plastic, polyhydroxyalkanoates, molasses, oil/ghee, contaminated soil.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Rhizobia – As ameliorant to soil reaction

Y. P. Dubey

Department of Organic Agriculture, CSK HPKV Palampur H.P. India/Department of Statistics and Mathematics, CSK HPKV Palampur H.P. India. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 01894-230382.

Accepted 15 September, 2019

Abstract

Soil reaction (pH) is important property soil for crop productions. Many chemicals as ameliorates are required to make soil productive. In organic agriculture, bio-ameliorates are prerequisite. Rhizobia are acid producers and Bradyrhizobia are alkali producers. Rhizobia and Bradyrhizobia are used as ameliorate to study their impact on soil reaction (pH) in laboratory conditions for 21 days. It was observed that Rhizobia decreased soil pH and Bradyrhizobia increased soil pH during incubation.

Key words: Acid producers, alkali producers, brardyrhizobia, soil pH, rhizobia.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-011, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of some RHIZOBIUM  strains on chickpea growth and biological control of RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI

Imen HEMISSI^1,2,3, Yassine MABROUK³*, Neila ABDI^1,4, Manel BOURAOUI^1,4, Mouldi SAIDI³ and Bouaziz SIFI¹

¹Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie.

²Institut National d’Agronomie de Tunis, Tunisie.

³Unité d’Utilisation Médicale et Agricole des Techniques Nucléaires, Centre National des Sciences et Technologie Nucléaires, Sidi Thabet, 2020 Tunisie.

⁴Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Tunisie.

Accepted 19 October, 2019

Abstract

RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI is one of the most important soil-borne fungal pathogens that attack the roots of plant and causes significant damage to different plants particularly to chickpeas (CICER ARIETINUM L.). The aim of this work is to study the antagonistic activity of different RHIZOBIUM strains against R. SOLANI in dual culture IN VITRO and under greenhouse conditions. The benefits of rhizobial inoculant in nitrogen fixation, phosphorous uptake and on plant growth promoting were demonstrated with 42 RHIZOBIUM strains. Among the 42 strains tested, 24 isolates had effective control on R. SOLANI IN VITRO. In order to study the biological control mechanisms, the RHIZOBIUM strains ability to produce volatile compounds and to solubilise phosphate were investigated. The results showed that 10 strains were able to solubilise phosphorus and 13 strains produced volatile compounds. In pot trials, the percentage of chickpea plants inoculated with different rhizobia showed significant reduce of root rot symptoms compared to the control growing in uninoculated soil. Among these rhizobiums, the strain S27 proved efficient against the soil borne pathogen IN VITRO and in pot experiments. Our study suggested that inoculation with specific RHIZOBIUM exerts significant disease suppress against R. SOLANI in controlled conditions.

Key words: Rhizobium, Rhizoctonia solani, chickpea, plant growth promotion, biological control.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Theoretical analyses of gene expression for five human pathogens

Lin Ning and Feng-Biao Guo*

School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.

Accepted 27 September, 2019

Abstract

Predicted highly expressed (PHX) genes were analyzed in five human pathogens with significant translation selection measured by within-group correspondence analysis (WCA). Functional analysis showed that in the five genomes PHX genes involved in protein synthesis, constitute the largest functional category, followed by categories of energy metabolism and protein fate. The gene encoding pyruvate kinase involved in glycolysis was PHX gene in most genomes except Bacillus anthracis Ames, which preferred strictly aerobic environment. Special PHX genes were also found, such as genes encoding phosphotransferase (PTS) system mainly appeared in Streptococcus pneumoniae genome. The analysis of virulence factors indicates that only a few pathogenicity-related genes were predicted as PHX. This is contrary to previous observations of phytopathogens, where most virulence related genes were PHX. The PHX genes may provide potential drug targets for the design of new bactericide. Specially, PHX virulence factors may help for the understanding of the crucial mechanism of virulence of the bacterial pathogens when invading human body.

Key words: Highly expressed genes, human pathogen, E(g) measure, CAI; virulence related genes, inorganic pyrophosphatase.