ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (6), pp. 001-007, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Choices of drugs for self-treatment of malaria among adult women in a Nigerian city: Implications for the success of the ongoing ‘roll back’ malaria programme
Jombo G. T. A.1*, Mbaawuaga E. M. 2, Denen Akaa P.3, Alao O. O.4, Peters E. J.5, Dauda M. A.6, Okwori E. E.1, Akosu T. J.7, Etukumana E. A.8 and Yaakugh J. B.1
1Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, P. M. B.
102119, Makurdi, Nigeria.
2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Benue State University, P. M. B. 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria.
3Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria.
4Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, P. M. B. 102119, Makurdi, Nigeria.
5Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar P. M. B. 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.
6Department of Histopathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
7Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.
8Department of Family Medicine, University of Uyo Teaching Hospital Uyo, Nigeria.
Accepted 24 August, 2018
Abstract
Correct knowledge of current antimalarial drugs available for malaria treatment by Nigerians has a significant impact on the overall success of the ongoing national malaria control programme. This is as a result of a large segment of the communities, who more often than not, rely on self medications or as care givers influence the choice drugs for malaria treatment for their wards. The study was therefore set up to ascertain the types of drugs used for self medication of malaria among adult women in Makurdi city. The study was cross-sectional in nature involving adult women who were selected from households using systematic sampling methods. Quantitative information such as age, educational level, marital status, occupation and knowledge of malaria were obtained using structured and semi structured questionnaires, while qualitative information was obtained using focussed and in-depth group discussions to complement quantitative data. Those aware of existence of malaria were 97% (2,013/2075) with no significant age difference (P > 0.05) while 3.0% (62/2,075) with no knowledge of malaria all had no education (P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between low economic status, low educational level and unemployment, and self medications for malaria (RR = 1.4 - 1.55). Several drugs with no antimalarial properties were mentioned by the respondents with the factors earlier stated still playing significant roles; and little or no mention was made of the artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) by the same group (P < 0.05). There should be a renewed sensitization and public awareness about the current trend in the control of malaria with special emphasis on the use of ACT; also introduction of home managers of malaria for commencement of intermittent preventive treatment should be considered a priority.
Key words: Drugs, self-medication, malaria, adult women.
Etukumana E. A and Yaakugh J. B, Mbaawuaga E. M, Peters E. J, Akosu T. J, Okwori E. E, Jombo G. T. A*, Dauda M. A, Alao O. O, Denen Akaa P
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (6), pp. 001-007, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Novel pyrazolyl pyridazine derivatives likely to possess anti- inflammatory activity
F. A. Yassin
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 14 pril, 2018
Abstract
Reaction of 4-acetyl-5,6-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one (1) with diethyl oxalate in refluxing sodium ethoxide/ethanol mixture afforded ethyl 2,4-dioxo -4-(3-oxo- 5,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydropyridazin4-yl)butanoate (2) which with hydrazine hydrate (1:1 mol) in refluxing ethanol afforded ethyl5- (3-oxo-5,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydropyridazin 4- yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate (3) while reaction of 2 with hydrazine hydrate (1:2 moles) in refluxing ethanol gave the corresponding acid hydrazide (4) . Reaction of acid chloride (6) with primary amines namely, aniline, p-toluidine and anisidine in the presence of DMF containing K2CO3 afforded the corresponding amide derivatives (7a – c). Hydrazones (9a – c) were prepared via the reaction of the acid hydrazide (4) with appropriate aldehydes namely, benzaldehyde, p-chlorobenzaldehyde and p-nitrobenzaldehyde in refluxing ethanol/acetic acid mixture. Reaction of carboxylic acid hydrazide (4) with each of ethyl acetoacetate, acetylacetone and ethyl cyanoacetate gave the corresponding pyrazolone and pyrazole derivatives 11, 12 and 13 respectively.
Key words: Benzilmonohydrazone, pyridazine, pyrazole, ethyl acetoacetate, diethyl oxalate, acetylacetone, ethyl cyanoacetate, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory.
F. A. Yassin
Page: 1 - 7
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Production and characterization of amylase produced by Bacillus megaterium isolated from a local yam peel dumpsite in Minna, Niger State
S. B. Oyeleke1*, S. H. Auta1 and E. C. Egwim2
1Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna- Nigeria.
2Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna- Nigeria.
Accepted 14 April, 2018
Abstract
Ten grams (10 g) of soil obtained from a local yam peel dumpsite in Minna, Niger State was analyzed. The bacterial isolates identified were Bacillus megaterium and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus megaterium was used in the present study for the production of amylase enzyme as it recorded the largest zone of activity. Amylase activity was determined using DNS method. Highest yield of amylase by B. megaterium was obtained after 48 h of incubation. The optimum temperature for the activity of amylase produced was obtained at 60°C with a concentration of 0.55 mg/ml. Optimum pH was obtained at pH 7.0 with a concentration of 0.67 mg/ml. The results showed that B. megaterium is a good producer of extracellular amylase at high temperatures which could be an indication that amylase produced would be thermostable.
Key words: Bacillus megaterium, yam peel dump site, amylase, optimum activity.
S. H. Auta and E. C. Egwim, S. B. Oyeleke*
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Screening of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus strains for extracellular protease enzyme production
Oyeleke, S. B.1*, Egwim, E. C.2 and Auta, S. H.1
1Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna- Nigeria.
2Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna- Nigeria.
Accepted 11 May, 2018
Abstract
The fungal isolates identified as Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus isolated from a local rice husk dumpsite were screened for protease enzyme production. High yields of protease enzyme were obtained by both fungi after 144 h with concentrations of 0.96 µg/ml/min for A. flavus and 0.84 µg/ml/min for A. fumigatus. Optimum temperature for the activity of protease produced by A. flavus and A. fumigatus was at 30°C with protease activities of 0.46 and 0.43 µg/ml/min, respectively. Optimum pH for the activity of protease produced by A. flavus and A. fumigatus were pH 8 and 5, respectively. The result showed that both isolates were good producers of extracellular protease enzymes which can be useful in industries.
Key words: Protease, rice husk, optimization, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus.
E. C and Auta, S. B*, Oyeleke , Egwim , S. H.
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains
Everlon Cid Rigobelo1*, Renato Pariz Maluta2 and Fernando Antonio de Ávila3
1Campus Experimental de Dracena- UNESP, Brazil.
2Departamento de Patologia Veterinaria, Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterinarias de Jaboticabal, Brazil.
3Faculdade de Cencias Agrarias e Veterinarias de Jaboticabal. Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Microbiologia Agropecuaria, Brazil.
Accepted 23 April, 2018
Abstract
Shiga toxin -producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is recognized wordwide as human pathogen. During the processing of carcasses, fecal contamination or transfer of bacteria from the animals’ hide to carcasses can promote transmission of pathogenic E. coli to food supplies. A survey was performed to determine the sensibility profile to several antimicrobial drugs of STEC in carcasses obtained from an abattoir in Brazil between March 2008 and August at 2009. A total of 120 STEC were isolated. All isolates were confirmed as being E. coli by their biochemical analysis and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for detection of stx, eae and ehly genes. The most frequent resistance was seen against cephalothin (84.0%), streptomycin (45.0%), nalidixic acid (42.0%) and tetracycline (20.0%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) to three or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 46 (38.3%) E. coli isolates. The presence of STEC and MDR strains among the isolates in the beef carcasses emphasizes the importance of proper handling to prevent carcass contamination.
Key words: Escherichia coli, multi-drug resistance, shiga toxin-producing E. coli.
Everlon Cid Rigobelo*, Renato Pariz Maluta and Fernando Antonio de Ãvila
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (6), pp. 001-008, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antimicrobial resistance and disinfectants susceptibility of persistent bacteria in a tertiary care hospital
Maria Lucia Morcerf Bouzada1, Vania Lucia Silva1, Felipe Augusto Sa Moreira1, Girlene Alves Silva2 and Claudio Galuppo Diniz1*
1Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Bacterial Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora/MG,36036-900, Brazil.
2Department of Applied Nursing, School of Nursing, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora/MG, 36036-900, Brazil.
Accepted 22 March, 2018
Abstract
It is well known that putative pathogenic bacteria are ubiquitous and widely distributed in the hospital environment. This study aimed to detect bacterial persistence in the nosocomial environment (different critical areas of the hospital) after mopping by the cleaning staff. Susceptibility patterns to antimicrobial drugs and disinfectants commonly used in health services were also investigated by disk diffusion and agar dilution tests. Rinse water from mops was processed for isolation of Enterobacteriaceae (GNR), non-fermenting Gram-negative rods (NFGNR), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and enterococci (ENT). Microorganisms were biochemically characterized and 547 strains were recovered. Only CNS and NFGNR were isolated in all critical areas. Overall 67% of the isolated bacteria were resistant to more than three drugs, being considered as multiresistant. Disinfectants were effective in concentrations ranging from 0.125 to 1%. Hospitals provide reservoirs of multiresistant microorganisms borne by patients and staff, but the hospital environment may be an important repository. Preventing the spread of relevant bacteria depends on the quality of hospital routine cleaning services. Monitoring bacteria susceptibility to antimicrobials and disinfectants may help the management of nosocomial infections.
Key words: Nosocomial environment, hospital cleaning, antimicrobial drugs, disinfectants.
Maria Lucia Morcerf Bouzada, Girlene Alves Silva and Claudio Galuppo Diniz*, Vania Lucia Silva, Felipe Augusto Sa Moreira
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