ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2015 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The dynamic relationship among poverty, inequality, and growth in rural Ethiopia: A micro evidence
Fekadu Gelaw
Department of Agricultural Economics, Haramaya University, Ethiopia. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 11 March, 2014
Abstract
The Ethiopian government has boldly set very rapid and sustainable growth and its equitable distribution as its prime development objective to end poverty in the foreseeable future. For this reason, promoting agricultural and rural development has been purported by the government as its top development agenda since it took power some 19 years back. Yet the extent to which the government realizes this objective remains in doubt. This paper attempts to analyze the dynamic relationships among poverty, inequality and growth. While many of the available studies use aggregate cross-country data sets, this study, however, uses household panel data-set. The decomposition result indicates that the observed growth was neither rapid nor sustainable. Poverty and inequality have not also declined considerably except between 1995 and 1997. The study also systematically generated 90 observations of indices from the five rounds to estimate Fixed Effect (FE) regression model. The estimated growth and inequality elasticities of poverty were found equal to 3.32 and -3.68, respectively. What this means is that poverty could still remain high if the country fails to achieve rapid and sustainable growth, on the one hand, and simultaneously reduce inequality, on the other.
Key words: Inequality, poverty, growth, fixed effects.
Fekadu Gelaw
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2015 International Scholars Journals
Review Paper
Regional trade agreements and its impact on trade flows for South African agricultural products
M. Y. Teweldemedhin1* and H. D. Van Schalkwyk2
1Department of Agriculture, Polytechnic of Namibia, Namibia.
2North West University, Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa.
Accepted 12 March, 2014
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the impact of liberalisation on the South African agricultural economy, particularly the impact on trade flow of the exchange rate, trade liberalisation and distance of trading partners using the gravity model. The model found that all variables were significant at one percent and carried the expected sign. Only the EU dummy variable had an inverse relationship, implying that the EU trade agreement has a negative impact on the export capacity of the South African farmers. This result has important policy implications for the South African agricultural sector in selecting and strengthens the regional block agreement. Given the importance of distance to markets, South Africa should emphasise efforts to reduce transaction costs. It is also important to protect and advocate productivity growth within the era of globalisation challenges Secondly, from an export promotion standpoint, distance in the model result showed that per capita income in importing countries is elastic and significant when it comes to determining exports. Therefore, it is important for South Africa to revise all the existing trade links and extend further to countries or regions with a high per capita income in order to realise export potential.
Key words: Trade liberalisation, distance of trading partners, gravity model.
M. Y. Teweldemedhin*, H. D. Van Schalkwyk
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2015 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antimicrobial activities of Garcinia kola on oral Fusobacterium nucleatum and biofilm
Francisca Nwaokorie1*, Akitoye Coker1, Folasade Ogunsola1, Elerson Gaetti-Jardim Jr.2, Oyedele Gabriel3, Ayanbadejo Patricia4, Abdurrazaq Taiwo5 and
Umezudike Adesola4
1Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
2Anaerobe Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
3Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria.
4Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
5Department of Oral /maxillofacial surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
Accepted 24 February, 2014
Abstract
The extracts from the root, bark and seed of Garcinia kola are currently used in traditional medicine in Nigeria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of crude extracts of G. kola on Fusobacterium nucleatum isolated from the oral cavity. Methanol and aqueous extracts were prepared from the seed and the minimal inhibitory concentration was evaluated by the agar dilution method, using a Wilkins-Chalgren agar supplemented with horse blood (5%), hemin (5 µg/ml) and menadione (1 µg/ml). Antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on microbial biofilms was determined in microtiter plates. The seed of G. kola demonstrated significant inhibitory action on F. nucleatum isolates at a concentration of 1.25 and 12.5 mg/ml for amoxicillin resistant strain. It was able to inhibit the microbial biofilm formed by the association of F. nucleatum with Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384 and Prevotella intermedia ATCC 2564 at a concentration of 25 mg/ml. The in-vitro inhibitory effect of G. kola on F. nucleatum population suggests a potential role for its use in oral hygiene.
Key words: Fusobacterium nucleatum, Garcinia kola, oral disease, natural medicine, anaerobic bacteria, biofilm.
Folasade Ogunsola, Akitoye Coker, Francisca Nwaokorie*, Oyedele Gabriel, Elerson Gaetti-Jardim Jr., Abdurrazaq Taiwo and Umezudike Adesola, Ayanbadejo Patricia
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2015 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The international trade prospective of agriculture sector in South African
M. Y. Teweldemedhin1* and Van H. D. Schalkwyk2
1Department of Agricultural Economics, Polytechnic of Namibia and University of Free State, South Africa.
2North West University (NWU), Potchefstroom Campus, South Africa.
Accepted 26 July, 2014
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to analyse the international trade performance of the South African agricultural industry in aggregate and by product group categories. A useful tool in this regard is the Gini and intra-industrial trade coefficient (IIT), which is used to examine the international trade balance of South Africa. Moreover, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is also used to identify factors that may be necessary to achieve high IIT. The IIT coefficient, after 1994, achieved more than 85 percent, which is a record level even for industrialised countries. This high IIT performance reveals trade liberalisation between the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) and the European Union (EU), opening South Africa’s market to the world. It also reveals that South Africa is able to increase its specialisation and flexibility to gain market access, and has shown a greater ability to compete in a changing trade environment. The results of the econometric analysis of IIT determinants give a greater magnitude to the coefficients export to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and export -to -import ratios. These results imply that if South Africa’s industries take measures to increase trade liberalisation, diversity, and the level of industrial specialisation, the IIT level would be higher, and significant economic gain might be achieved by minimising costs.
Key word: Gini and intra-industrial trade coefficient, the international trade performance.
Van H. D. Schalkwyk, M. Y. Teweldemedhin*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2015 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Geographical development of agricultural entrepreneurship: The case of pig farming in Greece
Aggelopoulos S.1*, Pavloudi A.1 and Galanopoulos K.2
1Department of Agricultural Development and Agribusiness Management, Alexander Technological Educational Institute
of Thessaloniki, Sindos Thessaloniki, Greece.
2Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 193 Pantazidou Str, 68 200, Orestiada, Greece.
Accepted 2 December, 2014
Abstract
This paper focused on the spatial and typological analysis of the economic activities of a major entrepreneurial sector of agricultural economy: pig farming. By applying the K-Mean Cluster analysis methodology, the “profile” of various pig farms was studied, regarding the geographical region, corporate structure, educational level of their owners and the type of invested capital. The K-Mean Cluster analysis results indicated that there were three clusters of farms that verified its criteria. The farms in first cluster were mainly active in the regions of Western Thessaly and the area of Evia-Viotia. The majority was family farms, which had not yet invested in the modernisation of their fixed assets, and this led to a high cost of use of the said assets. The farms in second cluster were active in the regions of Central Thessaly, Attica and Viotia. They were shareholder enterprises, and attained the best financial results compared to the other clusters. These farms combined a high productivity rate with investments in a more rational exploitation of their fixed assets. The farms in third cluster were active in Eastern Thessaly, Etoloakarnania, Attica and Viotia, and were also shareholder enterprises. They presented a high rate of modernisation, but still required investments of a higher quality in order to improve their performance.
Key words: Pig farms, agricultural investments, financing, K-mean cluster analysis.
Aggelopoulos S.*, Pavloudi A and Galanopoulos K.
Page: 1 - 10
Review
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2015 International Scholars Journals
Review
Ideas for the development of post-independence Sub-Saharan Africa
F. I. Kabuya
Department of Agricultural, Economics and Management, Faculty of Agriculture University of Swaziland, P. O. Box Luyengo, Swaziland. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 17 December, 2015
Abstract
Most sub-Saharan African leaders seem to misunderstand the development concepts or ideas by embracing the African socialist system as a path of economic development. The leaders focused on strong nationalist sentiments and economy of affection and neglected the rural development, a sine qua none condition of economic growth and development in Africa. This study defines the development concepts and different economic systems, analyzes the relationship between governance, leadership and development, describes the common characteristics of African economies, and puts forward a view on the developmental policies that might address the development challenges of the region. African policy makers should recognize the failed policies of the past and be attentive to agricultural and rural development ideas in their economic development process.
Key words: Development, economic growth, governance, leadership, agriculture, pro-poor policies.
F. I. Kabuya
Page: 1 - 10