ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
The antifungal susceptibilities of oral Candida spp. isolates from HIV-infected patients
Dilek Satana*, Gonca Erkose Genc and Zayre Erturan
Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul 34390, Turkey.
Accepted 27 March, 2018
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is the most common HIV related oral lesion. Most patients are infected with a strain originally present as a commensal of the oral cavity. The resistance of Candida isolates to antifungal drugs is important due to morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate the antifungal susceptibility profiles of oral Candida spp. which were isolated from HIV-infected patients. In vitro susceptibility tests were performed using the broth microdilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). A total of 67 oral Candida isolates from colonized HIV-infected patients, which were previously isolated and identified were included in this study. MIC ranges were 0.12 - 4.0, 0.12 - 16, 0.03 - 1.0, 0.03 - 1.0, and 0.03 - 0.25 µg/ml for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole, respectively. All isolates were fully susceptible to voriconazole. Sixty five (97%) of all isolates were determined fully susceptible to amphotericin B, 66 (98.5%) to fluconazole, 64 (95.5%) to ketoconazole and 50 (88%) to itraconazole. No resistance was detected to fluconazole and voriconazole in oral Candida strains isolated from colonized Turkish HIV positive patients. Antifungal resistance was detected in 8.96% (6 strains) of all isolates tested.
Key words: HIV, Candida, oropharyngeal carriage, antifungal agents, antifungal susceptibility.
Dilek Satana*, Gonca Erkose Genc and Zayre Erturan
Page: 1 - 5
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (12), pp. 001-009, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Investigation of cellular hydrophobicity and surface activity effects of biosynthesed biosurfactant from broth media of PTCC 1561
Golamreza Dehghan Noudeh1,3*, Ali Dehghan Noodeh2, Mohammad Hassan Moshafi3, Effat Behravan4, Masoud Ahmadi Afzadi1 and Mahsa Sodagar3
1Pharmaceutics Research Centre, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
2Department of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, East Road, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
3Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
4Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Accepted 12 March, 2018
Abstract
Biosurfactants as surface active molecules that are synthesized by microorganisms. These substances include many advantages in comparison with chemical surfactants. For instance they have lower toxicity, higher biodegradability, better environmental compatibility, higher foaming activity, and specific activity at extreme temperatures, pH ranges, and the ability to be synthesized from renewable feed stocksin. In this study, the production of biosurfactant, produced by PTCC 1561 was studied. This bactrium was grown in a nutrient broth medium and the production of biosurfactant was evaluated by the surface tension and emulisification index (E24), each 24 h. The production of biosurfactant was studied in different conditions, including time of incubation, temperature, aeration rate and presence of several additives containing mineral salts and hydrocarbons. Finally, the optimum condition for production of the biosurfactant was determined and the biosurfactant identity was investigated using chemical and spectroscopy methods. The maximum biosurfactant production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1561, was exhibited when it was grown in Brain Hearth Broth medium containing Fecl3, ZnSO4, FeSO4, starch and olive oil incubated in a 200 rpm shaker incubator at 37°C for 24 h . The structure of produced biosurfactant sugar-lipid was confirmed by chemical and spectroscopy methods.
Key words: Biosurfactant, emulsification index, surface tension.
Golamreza Dehghan Noudeh*, Masoud Ahmadi Afzadi and Mahsa Sodagar, Ali Dehghan Noodeh, Effat Behravan, Mohammad Hassan Moshafi
Page: 1 - 9
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Evaluation of antimicrobial potentials of stem bark extracts of Erythrina senegalensis DC
James Hamuel Doughari
Department of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 2076, Yola, 640002 Adamawa State, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +234 (0) 8083819054, +27 (0) 733 55 0274.
Accepted 22 June, 2018
Abstract
Antimicrobial activity of organic (methanol and chloroform) and aqueous stem back extracts of Erytrina senegalensis against some pathogenic microorganisms was investigated using the filter paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides, phenols and alkaloids. The extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity against both bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and fungi (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Penicillium notatum). For the bacteria, the highest activity (14 mm zone diameter of inhibition) was demonstrated against E. coli and the lowest activity (4 mm zone diameter of inhibition) against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, while for the test fungi, the highest activity of 8 and 6 mm (zone diameter of inhibition) was demonstrated against C. albicans and A. flavus respectively, and the lowest activity of 4 mm against P. notatum. The methanol extracts demonstrated the highest activity while, the aqueous extracts demonstrated the lowest activity against all the test organisms. The activity of the extracts increased with increase in temperature (4 - 100ºC) and acidic pH, but decreased as the pH was adjusted toward alkalinity (pH 8 - 10). The MIC (7.5 - 30 mg/ml) and MMC (8.0 - 30.0) for bacteria, and MIC (7.5 - 40) and MMC (8.0 - 30.0) shows that E. senegalensis stem bark, if further purified can be used to source novel antibiotic substances for drug development against infections such as typhoid fever, urinary tract and wound infections, dysentery and mycotic infections.
Key words: Antimicrobial activity, antibiotic substance, bacterial infections, disc diffusion method, Erythrina senegalensis, phytochemicals, MIC, MMC, mycotic infections.
James Hamuel Doughari
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Influence of physical and chemical mutagens on dye decolourising Mucor mucedo
Bhargavi Moturi1* and M. A. Singara Charya2
1Centre for Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad – 5000085, AP, India.
2Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal – 506009, AP, India.
Accepted 6 July, 2018
Abstract
The decolourisation efficiency of the wild fungal strain Mucor mucedo was investigated by the treatment with physical mutagen ultraviolet radiation (UV) and chemical mutagens [ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS), diethyl sulfonate (DES) and colchicines]. The mutants that were exposed to 12 and 15 min UV radiation showed reduction in extension and branching of hyphae. EMS at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg inhibited the germination of spores in M. mucedo. Surprisingly, at concentrations of 100 and 150 mg DES, spores were converted to yeast like cells which produced buds instead of hyphae. Colchicine at higher concentrations abolished the germ tube and hyphal elongation. There was stimulatory effect on growth at lower concentrations only. With respect to enzyme productions and decolourisation activity, there was increase in protease (1.48 U/ml) and peroxidase (1000 U/ml) production in Mucor mucedo when exposed to 9 min UV radiation and showed maximum decolourisation activity of crystal violet (90%) and malachite green (70%). There was an increase in the peroxidase enzyme (1200 U/ml) production at 50 mg concentration relating to the maximum decolourisation activity of crystal violet (90%) and malachite green (71%). Also, there was a decrease in the production of all enzymes in Mucor mucedo when treated with different concentrations of DES and so, there was no improvement in decolourisation activity. There was an increase in protease (1.86 U/ml) and peroxidase (1000 U/ml) production only at 10 mg concentration of colchicine proving that the higher enzymatic secretions were responsible for the decolourisation efficiency of 89% in crystal violet and 74% in malachite green. The wild strain isolated from dye effluent amended soils when exposed to different physical and chemical mutagens showed improvement in the decolourisation of crystal violet and malachite green except in the case of DES.
Key words: Mucor mucedo, ultraviolet radiation, ethyl methyl sulfonate, diethyl sulfonate, colchicine, protease, peroxidase, laccase, decolourisation activity.
Bhargavi Moturi*, M. A. Singara Charya
Page: 1 - 6
Review
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (12), pp. 001-004, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Comparative degradation of sawdust by microorganisms isolated from it
J. A. Lennox1*, C. Abriba1, Bello N. Alabi1 and F. C. Akubuenyi2
1Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Accepted 22 June, 2018
Abstract
Microorganisms isolated from sawdust have been demonstrated to be effective in its degradation. Eight bacteria and eight fungi were isolated from wet decaying sawdust. These were tested for their capability to degrade sawdust. Among the bacteria, C ellulomonas sp. was found to be the most effective degrading agent based on its high percentage degradation (18.3%). This was followed by Micrococcus sp. (16.0%) and Pseudomonas sp. (14.6%), Cytophaga sp. and Bacillus sp. had the lowest percentage degradation of 0.2 and 7.7%, respectively. The fungi, Penicillium sp. had the highest percentage degradation of 14.3%, followed by Mucor sp. (13.3%) and Trichoderma sp. (9.5%). Aspergillus sp. and Absidia sp. had the lowest percentage degradation of 4.3 and 6.5%, respectively. This report shows that indigenous microorganisms possess the capacity to degrade sawdust.
Key words: Degradation, sawdust, utilizing, autochthonous microorganisms.
Mahdieh Nemati, Fahrul Huyop*
Page: 1 - 12
Review
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 12 (12), pp. 001-008, December, 2018. © International Scholars Journals
Review
Listeria monocytogenes in foods: Incidences and possible control measures
F. Adzitey and N. Huda*
School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
Accepted 20 September, 2018
Abstract
The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, intracellular, ubiquitous, and facultative food-borne pathogen of humans and animals. They may occur naturally in environmental sources such as soils, faeces and intestinal tracts of animals and humans. The pathogen causes listeriosis characterized by gastroenteritis, meningitis, abortion, and sometimes death in systemic cases. Neonates, infants, immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and the elderly in particular are most susceptible to listeria infections. In recent times, contamination of foods by L. monocytogenes has become a major concern to all stake holders in the food industry and the health sector. Their infection has been associated with a number of food-borne outbreaks resulting from the consumption of various foods especially, cooked and chilled ready-to-eat foods. A review on L. monocytogenes and its association with foods is important to create more awareness on the need to reduce their colonisation, transmission, cross contaminations and infections.
Key words: Listeria monocytogenes, listeriosis, food.
F. Adzitey, N. Huda*
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