Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The antifungal susceptibilities of oral Candida spp isolates from HIV-infected patients

Dilek Satana*, Gonca Erkose Genc and Zayre Erturan

Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology Istanbul, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul 34390, Turkey.

Accepted 1 March, 2014

Abstract

Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is the most common HIV related oral lesion. Most patients are infected with a strain originally present as a commensal of the oral cavity. The resistance of Candida isolates to antifungal drugs is important due to morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study was to investigate the antifungal susceptibility profiles of oral Candida spp which were isolated from HIV-infected patients. In vitro susceptibility tests were performed using the broth microdilution method recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). A total of 67 oral Candida isolates from colonized HIV-infected patients, which were previously isolated and identified were included in this study. MIC ranges were 0.12 - 4.0, 0.12 - 16, 0.03 - 1.0, 0.03 - 1.0, and 0.03 - 0.25 µg/ml for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole, respectively. All isolates were fully susceptible to voriconazole. Sixty five (97%) of all isolates were determined fully susceptible to amphotericin B, 66 (98.5%) to fluconazole, 64 (95.5%) to ketoconazole and 50 (88%) to itraconazole. No resistance was detected to fluconazole and voriconazole in oral Candida strains isolated from colonized Turkish HIV positive patients. Antifungal resistance was detected in 8.96% (6 strains) of all isolates tested.

Key words: HIV, Candida, oropharyngeal carriage, antifungal agents, antifungal susceptibility.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Study on the function of a plasmid harbored by a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis

Chen-Xiaoxi¹ and Chen-Weiliang²

¹Basic Medicine College, Chinese TCM University of Zhejiang, Binjiang District Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.

²Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 268 Kaixuan Rd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China, Postcode 310029.

Accepted 8 January, 2014

Abstract

With a view to exploring whether there was a correlation between a novel antibiotic and a plasmid, the plasmid was eliminated by SDS. Because the elimination of the plasmid had no effect on the bacterium’s producing antibiotic, it was determined that the plasmid had nothing to do with the antibiotic. However, with the plasmid being eliminated, the ability of the bacterium to secrete a kind of adhesive substance was lost, and the phenotype of the bacterium was also changed. This indicated that the plasmid was closely related to this adhesive substance and that the adhesive substance determined the bacterium’s phenotype. In addition, losing the plasmid meant losing life if the bacterium was under adverse circumstances like cold condition. It meant that the function of the plasmid (or the adhensive substance) was to protect the bacterium.

Key words: Plasmid, phenotype, antibiotic, viability, bacterium.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Estimation of bacterial diversity in soil and vermi compost using sole source carbon utilization (SSCU) profile

Nipun Silawat^1*, Shweta Chouhan¹, Pramod Sairkar¹, R. K. Garg¹, Neetu Vijay² and N. N. Mehrotra³

¹Centre of Excellence in Biotechnology, M.P. Council of Science and Technology (MPCST) Vigyan Bhawan, Nehru

Nagar, Bhopal-462003 (M.P.), India.

²Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.

³Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow - 226 001, Uttar Pardesh, India.

Accepted 17 December, 2014

Abstract

In this research study, three samples were collected from the T.S. Murthi Udhyan, Obedullahganj out of which two samples were from agriculture field soil and the third sample was from compost. Pure cultures of bacteria were isolated by using serial dilution and spread plate methods. The isolated bacterial cultures were separated according to the morphotypes and then bio-chemically tested. They were further identified with the help of bacteria identification program (PIBWin 2007). The identified bacterial cultures are Achromobacter group F, Acinetobacter calcoacet, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. malli, P. putida, P. cepacia, P. shutzeri, P. pseudomalli, P. malli and P. pickettii. The value of Simpson’s index (D) is 0.09, which represented high diversity. Isolated bacteria were inoculated in micro titer plates and Niche overlap index (NOI) was calculated after two days of inoculation. The results of study indicate that direct incubation of samples in micro titer plates produces patterns of metabolic response useful in the classification and characterization of microbial communities. Principal component analysis of colour responses quantified from digitized images of plates revealed distinctive patterns among microbial habitats and spatial gradients within soil and compost sites. Correlation of the original carbon source variables to the principal components gives a functional basis to distinctions among communities. Intensive spatial and temporal analysis of microbial communities with this technique can produce ecologically relevant classifications of heterotrophic microbial communities.

Key words: Microdiversity, compost, sole source carbon utilization, testing.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Factors affecting synonymous codon usage bias in the gC gene of DPV CHv strain

Fu Xiao Shen¹, An Chun Cheng^1,2,3*, Ming Shu Wang^1,2, Hai Bin Huang¹, Chuan Feng Li¹, Jin Feng Jiang¹, Ren Yong Jia², De Kang Zhu^1,2 and Xiao Yue Chen³

¹Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya‟an, Sichuan,

²Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya‟an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China.

³Epizootic Diseases Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya‟an, Sichuan, 625014, PR China.

Accepted 27 January, 2014

Abstract

The aim was to identify the factors affecting synonymous codon usage bias in the newly discovered gC gene of duck plague virus (DPV) CHv strain and a comparative analysis of the codon usage bias in the gC genes of 27 other reference herpesviruses was performed by using CAI, CHIPS and CUSP program of EMBOSS. The results showed that base composition, mutational bias and natural selection were the major determinants of the codon usage variation in the DPV gC gene. The primary codon usage trends in the DPV gC gene showed obvious difference with a strong bias towards the synonymous codons with A and T at the third codon position. Characterization of nucleotide composition in the DPV gC gene was related to dinucleotide usage bias characterized by the variation of CpG islands. The ENc-plot and GC12s-GC3s revealed that the genetic heterogeneity in the gC genes of the 28 herpesviruses were constrained by G + C content. Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that codon usage patterns of the DPV gC gene were phylogenetically conserved and similar to the gC genes of the avian alphaherpesvirinae. Furthermore, comparisons of the codon preferences in the DPV gC gene with those of Escherichia coli, yeast and human revealed that there was a statistically positive correlation between DPV and yeast (r = 0.646, P < 0.05) . The above results could provide useful information for the synonymous codons usage bias of the DPV gC gene and promote the relevant mechanism for evolution, pathogenesis and functional studies in the area of DPV research and possibly studies with other herpesvirus viruses.

Key words: Duck plague virus (DPV), gC gene, codon usage bias.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Investigation of accessory gene regulator (agr) in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in Iran

Hassan Momtaz¹*, Elahe Tajbakhsh², Behnam Abbasian³ and Manochehr Momeni⁴

¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.

²Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch, Shahrekord,

Iran. ³Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch,

Shahrekord, Iran.

⁴Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.

Accepted 24 February, 2014

Abstract

Mastitis is one of the common diseases of dairy cattle and an inflammatory response of the mammary glands tissue. Mastitis causes considerable loss to the dairy industry. Among several bacterial pathogens that can cause mastitis, S. aureus is probably the most lethal agent because it causes chronic and deep infection in the mammary glands that is extremely difficult to be cured. The present study was to detect agr group genes in the S. aureus isolated from 360 mastitis milk samples in Chaharmahel va Bakhtiari and Isfahan provinces of Iran via PCR by using specific primers. Among 360 milk samples, 86 samples contained 1250 bp fragment of the 23srRNA gene, 10 samples contained agrI gene, 42 samples contained agrII gene, 19 samples contained agrIII gene and 15 samples contained agrIV gene.

Key words: Bovine mastitis, S. aureus, agr group genes, PCR, Iran.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2015

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2015 International Scholars Journals

Review

An overview of pathogenesis and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection

N. F. Tanih¹, L. M. Ndip², A. M. Clarke¹, R. N. Ndip^1,2*

¹Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.

²Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.

Accepted 26 February, 2014

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori induces chronic gastritis, the strongest known risk factor for peptic ulcer disease, distal gastric cancer and a number of extra gastric related morbidity. More than 50% of the world’s population is infected with this organism lifelong without effective bacterial eradication. Clinical sequelae are dependent upon bacterial virulence factors and host genetic diversity, particularly within immune response genes. The organism is able to evade the harsh acidic environment in the gastric mucosa and host immune response by elaborating a number of factors that aid in the achievement of its persistent colonization. H. pylori possess numerous virulence proteins (cagA, vacA and iceA) and enzymes (urease, catalase, lipase, phospholipase and proteases) with substantial genotypic diversity, which engenders differential host inflammatory responses that influence the pathologic outcome. The hallmark of H. pylori infection is a marked inflammatory response with the infiltration of various immune cells into the infected gastric mucosa; with a polarized Th1 immune response which further attracts inflammatory cells to the gastric mucosa leading to damage. Knowledge on H. pylori reservoirs and transmission remains elusive. However, studies have described the gastro-oral, oral-oral and faecal-oral as possible routes of acquisition and transmission. This paper provides an understanding of H. pylori persistence and pathogenesis as well as its route of transmission.

Key words: Helicobacter pylori, pathogencity, virulence factors, epidemiology, risk factors, immune evasion.