ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-008, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Virucidal activity of green propolis against avipoxvirus in chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken eggs
Camila O. Vilela1, Geferson Fischer1*, Clarissa C. de Castro1, Cristina F. Nunes1, Silvia O. Hübner1, Margarida B. Raffi2, Simone E. Salles2, Marcos A. Anciuti3 and Gilberto D. Vargas1
1Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – CP 354 –96010-900 – Pelotas – RS – Brasil.
2Departamento de Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – CP 354 –96010-900 – Pelotas – RS – Brasil.
3Conjunto Agrotécnico Visconde da Graça, Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel – CP 354 – 96010-900 – Pelotas– RS – Brasil.
Accepted 07 January, 2019
Abstract
Recent pandemics caused by virus like influenzavirus (H1N1, H5N1) reaffirm the importance of studies aiming at obtaining new virucidal and/or antiviral substances, once its prolonged use can lead to resistance to the active principles. Green propolis, which has several scientifically proven bioactive properties, was evaluated in this study as an ethanol extract regarding its virucidal capacity against avipoxvirus (APV) inoculated in chorioallantoic membrane of chicken embryos (CAM). Eggs inoculated with virus and 2400 µg/dose of propolis, previously incubated for four hours, presented reduction in the pox lesions number (p<0.05) in relation to the positive control, besides reduction in the number of intracytoplasmatic inclusion bodies and in the vacuolar degeneration score of epithelial cells from mesoderm CAM. After eight hours of incubation with the virus, the same concentration of propolis completely inactivated APV (p<0.0001) and in concentrations ten times lower (240 g/dose) significantly reduced the pox lesion numbers and the histopathology findings (p<0.05) . This product from bees presented virucidal activity depending on the dose and the incubation time with the virus before the inoculation. Although further research is needed, the activity of green propolis against APV can represent a new approach to virucidal or antiviral drugs development.
Key words: Green propolis, virucidal activity, avipoxvirus, chorioallantoic membrane.
Clarissa C. de Castro, Margarida B. Raffi, Simone E. Salles, Silvia O. Hübner, Camila O. Vilela, Marcos A. Anciuti and Gilberto D. Vargas, Cristina F. Nunes, Geferson Fischer*
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Investigation of the susceptibility of Candida species isolated from denture wearers to different antifungal antibiotics
Ozlem Abaci* and Alev Haliki-Uztan
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
Accepted 08 January, 2019
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the the prevalence of in vitro resistance amongst Candida species isolated from the oral cavity of denture wearers. The in vitro susceptibility of 156 Candida isolates to amphotericin B, fluconazole, 5- fluorocytosine, caspofungin and terbinafine was determined. The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute’ (CLSI; formally National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) broth microdilution method was used and MIC50 and MIC90 determined. Candida albicans, the most frequently isolated strains, are sensitive to amphotericin (61%) and fluconazole (44%), frequently used agents in the treatment of Candida-associated denture stomatitis. A 100% susceptibility to 5- fluorocytosine was observed among the 109 isolates of C. albicans. Among non C. albicans strains only 1 Candida kefyr strain was determined as susceptible dependent upon dose for 5-fluorocytosine. Among Candida glabrata, the second most common isolate, a 100% susceptibility to caspofungin and 5-fluorocytosine were observed. Since the isolates are sensitive to Caspofungin and 5-fluorocytosine, rarely used in the treatment of oral fungal infections, it is suggested that these antifungal agents be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of oral infections especially caused by strains resistant to amphotericin B and fluconazole.
Key words: Candida species, antifungal, denture wearers.
Alev Haliki-Uztan, Ozlem Abaci*
Research Article
A study on the vegetation recovery and crop pattern adjustment on the Loess Plateau of China
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study on the vegetation recovery and crop pattern adjustment on the Loess Plateau of China
H. Y. Fang1, Q. Y. Li2,3* and Q. G. Cai1
1Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
2Editorial Office of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing 100125, China
3College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
Accepted 07 January, 2019
Abstract
Low vegetation coverage and irrational land use are regarded as two main factors in influencing soil loss. In order to improve vegetation recovery and to adjust land use pattern on the Loess Plateau, the data of precipitation, net primary productivity of vegetation, and eco- water requirement of main crops of key counties on the Loess Plateau are used in this paper. The concepts of utilization/adaptation capability of eco-water requirement are used and plotted against mean annual precipitation in the 1960s to 1990s for vegetation and crops, respectively. Results demonstrate that in the regions with lower than 400, 400 to 510 and over 510 mm precipitation, the grass/shrub, grass/shrub/forest and forest fit to be planted, respectively. For crops in the regions with less than 300, > 310, > 450 and > 510 mm precipitation, Kaoliang and glutinous, millet, winter wheat, and maize are satisfied, respectively.
Key words: Loess Plateau, vegetation, crops, adaptation capacity eco-water requirement.
H. Y. Fang Q. Y. Li*, Q. G. Cai
Research Article
Prevalence of caprine tuberculosis in Mid- Rift valley area of Oromia, Ethiopia
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Prevalence of caprine tuberculosis in Mid- Rift valley area of Oromia, Ethiopia
Ketema Tafess1*, Fufa Dawo2, Teshale Sori2 and Gobena Ameni3
1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gondar University, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia.
2Faculty of veterinary medicine, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 34, Debreziet, Ethiopia.
3Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Accepted 10 January, 2019
Abstract
A cross sectional study of caprine tuberculosis was conducted on randomly selected 630 goats at, Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Centre and, smallholder farmers found around the research centre from December 2005 to June 2006. Single intradermal tuberculin test, post mortem examination of suspected goats and bacteriological culture of the pathogen were carried out to confirm the pathogen. Taking the cut off value at 3.5 mm, there was significant difference (p<0.05) in prevalence of caprine tuberculosis between Adami Tulu Agricultural Research Centre and households around Adami Tulu town (3.1 and 9.6%, respectively). The individual animal prevalence was not affected by sex, age, and flock size (p>0.05). Goats under smallholder conditions are 3.1 times at risk of acquiring mycobacterial infection than those under on-station condition. Gross tuberculous lesions were detected in two of the eight tuberculin positive (suspected) goats that were slaughtered for confirmation of tuberculosis lesion, sampling and culture for further confirmation of mycobacterial growth. Mycobacterial growth and acid fast bacilli were confirmed in those goats with gross tuberculosis lesions. In conclusion, this study showed the occurrence of tuberculosis in goats in Adami Tulu area. Further studies and confirmation of mycobacterial species and strains which infect goats and probably humans are necessary, especially in areas that consume raw goats’ milk like pastoral and agro-pastoral areas so that at least awareness, concerning the transmission of the disease from goats©milk and meat can be created.
Key words: Caprine tuberculosis, goats, prevalence, tuberculin test, post mortem lesion.
Teshale Sori and Gobena Ameni, Ketema Tafess*, Fufa Dawo
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-011, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Assessment of antifungal activity of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. extracts against two phytopathogenic fungi
Amira M. Abu-Taleb1*, Kadriya El - Deeb2 and Fatimah O. Al-Otibi3
1Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
2Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
3Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Accepted 08 January, 2019
Abstract
The preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd. showed the presence of compounds that are biologically active against the two root rot pathogens Drechslera biseptata and Fusarium solani in vitro. The relative efficacy of this action, however, differed according to the extracted plant, solvent used, extract concentration, the target fungus and phase of growth. Ethanolic extract ranked first, followed by the remaining aqueous layer fraction. Eight flavonoid subfractions (rutin, quercetin, myricetin, apigenin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, luteolin, kaempherol and kaempherol-3-O-robinoside) and six flavonoid subfractions (apigenin-7-O-glucoide, quercitrin, quercetin, isovitexin, rutin and quercetin-3-O lucoside-7-O-rhamnoside) were isolated from the remaining aqueous layer fraction of R. vesicarius and Z. spina-christi, respectively. Generally, spore production and germination as well as cellulolytic and pectolytic activity of F. solani were affected by plant extracts more than that of D. biseptata. F. solani failed completely to produce spores when treated with ethanolic extract of Z. spina-christi at the concentration of 20%. However, growth of D. biseptata was more sensitive to plant extracts than that of F. solani. Maximum activity of plant extracts was observed against spore production. It was evident that plant extracts could provide potential source of antifungal compounds.
Key words: Rumex vesicarius, Ziziphus spina-christi, antifungal activity, Drechslera biseptata, Fusarium solani.
Kadriya El - Deeb and Fatimah O. Al-Otibi, Amira M. Abu-Taleb*
Short Communication
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (2), pp. 001-003, February, 2019. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the Chinese white wax scale Ericerus pela Chavannes (Homopetera: Coccidae)
Pu Yang1, Jiaying Zhu2, Xiaoming Chen1* and Meng Li1
1Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, The Key laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China.
2Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Conservation Biology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China.
Accepted 08 January, 2019
Abstract
Eight microsatellite loci were isolated using an enrichment protocol from Ericerus pela Chavannes, representing the first microsatellite loci available for the white wax scale. All loci were polymorphic within E. pela. Allele numbers range from six to eleven with the observed heterozygosity (HO) ranging from 0.0000 to 1.0000. These primers screened in this study provide a foundation for population genetic studies of the white wax scale.
Key words: Microsatellite marker, white wax scale, population genetic.
Xiaoming Chen* and Meng Li, Jiaying Zhu, Pu Yang