ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antimicrobial activity of propolis extract on bacteria isolated from nasopharynx of patients with upper respiratory tract infection admitted to Central Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
E. A. Ophori* and E. C. Wemabu
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences University of Benin, Edo state, Benin City, Nigeria.
Accepted 4 August, 2017
Abstract
The study was aimed at determining the bacterial agents of the upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and the susceptibility of isolates to propolis. Propolis extract was obtained by 70% ethanol and serial dilutions of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 µg/ml prepared. A total of 250 throat swabs were obtained from patients (age between 15 - 30 years) which were diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection attending the central hospital, Benin City. Samples were collected between February and December, 2008 from 142 (56.8%) males and 108 (43.2%) females, inoculated on blood agar, eosin methylene blue agar and chocolate agar and incubated at 37°C for 24 - 48 h aerobically except for chocolate agar which was incubated microaerophically. The isolates were characterized by standard microbiological procedures. Of the 250 samples, 160 (64%) had positive cultures with Haemophilus influenzae having the highest prevalence (20.8%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (19.2%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (12.0%), Moraxella catarrhalis (10%), Streptococcus pyogenes (2%). The highest rate of isolates was from the age group of 15 - 18 years (91). This was significantly higher than other groups p > 0.05. M. catarrhalis and S. pyogenes were not isolated in age group 23 – 26. propolis antimicrobial activity revealed that all isolates were sensitive to propolis at all concentrations with K. pneumoniae and S. pneumonia having zones of inhibition of 32 and 30 mm respectively. The findings suggest that propolis is a very effective antimicrobial agent for the treatment and management of URTI caused by bacterial species.
Key words: Upper respiratory tract infection, minimum inhibitory concentration, propolis, bacteria, antimicrobial activity.
E. C. Wemabu, E. A. Ophori*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Characterization of physiologic races of sugarcane smut (Ustilago scitaminea) in Kenya
H. S. Nzioki, J. E. Jamoza, C. O. Olweny* and J. K. Rono
Kenya Sugar Research Foundation, P. O. Box 44-40100, Kisumu, Kenya.
Accepted 24 June, 2017
Abstract
Sugarcane smut disease caused by the fungus Ustilago scitaminea significantly reduces the yield and quality of sugarcane. The disease was first reported in Kenya in 1958, in Nyanza and Coastal provinces and currently occurs in all major sugarcane growing areas of Kenya. Planting resistant varieties is the main smut control measure in Kenya. Planting smut resistant varieties was made compulsory in Kenya in 1963. However, varieties previously confirmed resistant are now susceptible. Reports indicate that some varieties are resistant to smut in one zone and susceptible in another. An attempt was thus made to identify physiologic races of sugarcane smut in Kenya. Sugarcane smut teliospores were collected from the major sugarcane growing zones of Western Kenya in South Nyanza, Nyando, Mumias, Busia, Nzoia and west Kenya. A set of 11 sugarcane cultivars which had previously shown differential response to smut in Kenya and elsewhere were each artificially inoculated with a mixture of smut spores from each zone by dipping in a suspension of smut spores that contained 5 x 106 teliospores per ml. Susceptibility of the cultivars to smut was measured by recording the number of smut whips that appeared within 6 to 7 months after planting. The reaction of the cultivars to smut from the various zones varied from resistance to susceptible. Three cultivars were seen in smut reaction in two tests. The results suggested existence of smut races in Kenya.
Key words: Kenya, sugarcane smut, Ustilago scitaminea.
C. O. Olweny* and J. K. Rono, H. S. Nzioki, J. E. Jamoza
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Improved mycoherbicidal activity of Fusarium arthrosporioides
Olubukola O. Babalola
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected].
Accepted 5 July, 2017
Abstract
Fusarium arthrosporioides plus cellulase was evaluated on tomato root systems to ascertain whether cellulase, a cell wall degrading enzyme, could accelerate fungus infection of Orobanche aegyptiaca tubercles. Chopped mycelia alone (1.3 × 106 and 5.4 × 106 propagules ml-1) killed 17 and 37% of Orobanche tubercles, respectively while in the presence of cellulase (10 Uml-1) Orobanche tubercles mortality increased to 37 and 78%. Cellulase treatment alone was ineffective. Only a hypersensitive reaction (9% death) resulted in the absence of cellulase. The findings add to the commercial value of F. arthrosporioides as a potential mycoherbicide when sufficiently virulent.
Key words: Mycoherbicide, cellulase, Fusarium.
Olubukola O. Babalola
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
CXC Chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) mediates multiple myeloma cell line (RPMI 8226) chemotxis via PLC 3, PI3K/AKT, RhoA, NFkB and ERK1/2
Gamal Badr
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
Fetal Programming of Diseases Research Chair, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +966 509673084. Fax: 0096614674253.
Accepted 5 July, 2017
Abstract
In multiple myeloma (MM) blood-borne malignant plasma cells home to bone marrow (BM), where they accumulate in close contact with stromal cells. Nevertheless, the mechanisms responsible for MM cell chemotaxis are still poorly defined. In the present study we explored the mechanisms involved in the chemotaxis of RPMI 8226 cell line, RPMI 8226 cell line was found to express CCR3, CCR5, CCR9, CXCR3 and CXCR4, but these cells were migrated only towards CXCL12 (the ligand for CXCR4). To clarify the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of MM cell chemotaxis, we therefore analyzed the effect of various inhibitors targeting intracellular effectors proteins on the CXCL12-mediated RPMI 8226 chemotaxis using flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Using flow cytometry, we observed that the chemotaxis of RPMI 8226 cell to CXCL12 was completely abrogated by adding AMD (CXCR4 antagonist), PTX (G- protein coupled receptor inhibitor) and U73122 (phospholipase C beta; PLC inhibitor), moreover, CXCL12-mediated RPMI 8226 chemotaxis was partially inhibited by 1 µM wortmannin (WM, Class II PI3K inhibitor)), SH5 (AKT inhibitor), Y27632 (Rho-A inhibitor), SN50 (IkB inhibitor), PD98059 (ERK1/2 MAPK inhibitor) and Na3VO4 (phosphatase inhibitor). These results were further confirmed by using western blot analysis where we observed that triggering of CXCR4 by CXCL12 resulted in the activation of PLC 3, PI3K/AKT, RhoA, I B and ERK1/2. In conclusion, our results revealed that PLC 3, PI3K/AKT, RhoA, IKB and ERK1/2 are crucial effectors for CXCL12-mediating MM cell chemotaxis.
Key words: Multiple myeloma cell, chemokine, chemotaxis, flow cytometry, western blot.
Gamal Badr
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Prevalence of enteropathogenic and lactic acid bacteria species in wara: A local cheese from Nigeria
T. E. Sangoyomi1*, A. A. Owoseni2 and O. Okerokun2
1Department of Crop Production, Soil and Environmental Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Bowen University, Iwo,
Osun State, Nigeria.
2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Science Education, Bowen University, Iwo, Osun state, Nigeria.
Accepted 23 July, 2017
Abstract
Eight bacteria genera and yeasts were isolated from wara - a local soft cheese from Nigeria, the bacteria genera were made up of 76% lactic acid bacteria (LAB), 17% Enterobacteria and 7% Staphylococci. The LAB group was made up of the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus and Pediococcus with Lactobacillus being the most frequently occurring genus. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter made up the Enterobacteria group. A protease enzyme produced by the E. coli was characterized. Its activity was found to be highest at 60°C and pH 5.4. The protease activity was highest at 5 mmol/l and was inhibited at 10 mmol/l concentration of EDTA.
Key words: Wara, lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, protease.
A. A. Owoseni and O. Okerokun, T. E. Sangoyomi*
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017
Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr
© 2017 International Scholars Journals
Full length Research Paper
Identification of Salmonella isolated from poultry by MPCR technique and evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity based on the PCR-RFLP analysis
J. Akbarmehr, T. Zahraei Salehi* and G. H. Nikbakht Brujeni
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Accepted 22 July, 2017
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate Salmonella from poultry and evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. In this research 58 strains of 3 different Salmonella serogroups (D1, B and C) were isolated from poultry farms of East Azarbayjan province of Iran by bacteriological and biochemical tests. For confirmation of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis serovars multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied with four pairs of primers for S. typhimurium and three pairs of primers for Salmonella Enteritidis. PCR-RFLP analysis was carried out on the 1.6 kb groEL gene for evaluation of their hsp groEL gene diversity. The data generated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPCR) method indicated that strains of S. enteritidis (serogroup D1) and S. typhimurium (serogroup B) were the most common isolates. Amplification of the groEL gene produced an identical profile for all the 58 Salmonella strains. Hae III restriction enzyme was used to restrict the groEL gene for PCR-RFLP analysis. Based on the results of this experiment digested groEL gene of the S. typhimurium strains produced four Hae III restricted bands between 150 - 850 bp and serovars belonging to S. enteritidis strains produced five Hae III restricted bands between 150 - 630 bp. Strains belonging to serogroup C produced a combination of five and four restricted bands similar to S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium respectively. This study showed that there were differences in the Hae III restriction sites within the groEL gene of strains belonging to serovars S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis but clear discrimination between the serovars of different Salmonella serogroups was not observed.
Key words: Salmonella, poultry, polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism, groEL.
T. Zahraei Salehi* and G. H. Nikbakht Brujeni, J. Akbarmehr
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