Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-010, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of Soymilk Kefir

Harun KESENKAẞ¹, Nayil DĐNKÇĐ¹, Kemal SEÇKĐN², Özer KINIK¹, Siddik GÖNǹ, Pelin Günç ERGÖNÜL²* and Gökhan KAVAS¹

¹Department of Dairy Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.

²Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey.

Accepted 10 March, 2019

Abstract

The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characterization of kefir samples produced from cow/soy milk mixtures was carried out during storage at refrigerated conditions. Gross composition of samples was very closely related except lactose contents. Tyrosine levels of kefirs were also very similar. Leucine contents were increased with the raised soymilk ratio. Serum separation increased during storage for all samples. The lowest viscosity value was obtained when the soymilk were mixed to cow milk in a ratio of 50:50. Lactic acid was the highest one among the other organic acids. Microbiological population was not affected with addition of soymilk significantly. Generally sensory scores decreased with increasing soymilk ratio.

Key words: Fermentation, LAB, organic acid, soymilk kefir, yeast.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A simple and rapid differentiation method for combating therapeutically challenging planktonic and biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus

Salman Sahab Atshan^1,2*, Mariana Nor Shamsudin^1,3, Leslie Than Thian Lung¹, Zamberi Sekawi¹ and Chong Pei Pei⁴

¹Laboratory of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Department of Medical Microbiology, Basrah University, Basarah, Iraq.

³Laboratory of Marine Science and Aquaculture, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

⁴Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 22 March, 2019

Abstract

The aim of the current study is to establish a simple and fast method that can be easily applied in hospitals for the differentiation of biofilm and planktonic Staphylococcus aureus strains. To achieve the objective, two reference strains, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were examined using three types of methods; adhesion capacity of bacteria on polystyrene surfaces was verified using the quantification method followed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to confirm the production of biofilm. In addition, to make a meaningful comparison of biofilm cells in stationary phase with a planktonic phase, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method was used. The results from this study demonstrated that the cells of the biofilm and planktonic cells can be differentiated by the simple MIC method. This study led to the development and improvement of methods for differentiation and detection of biofilm production of S. aureus.

Key words: Biofilm, methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus, microtiter plate, scanning electron microscope, minimum inhibitory concentration, vancomycin.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-004, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The prevalence of methicillin and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in large teaching hospital personnel

Hosain Zadegan, H.¹*, and Menati, S.²

¹Department of bacteriology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

²Shohadai Ashayer Hospital, Khorramabad, Iran.

Accepted 16 March, 2019

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most prevalent pathogens in nosocomial infections. We designed this cross-sectional study for evaluation of methicillin and vancomycin resistance in S. aureus strains that have been harbouring in the nasal nars of Shohadaie Ashayers hospital personnel (khorramabad, Iran). Samples were obtained by sterile cotton-wool swab moistened with normal saline rotation inside interior nares of 300 personnel and immediately point cultured on a section of mannitol salt agar. Suspected colonies confirmed by biochemical methods. Methicillin and vancomycin resistance of isolated strains was carried out by agar dilution according to recommendations of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Sixty-four (21.33%) out of 300 samples were nasal carriers for S. aureus; 16 (25%) and 4 (6.25%) of the carriers were methicillin resistant S. aureus and vancomycin intermediate S. aureus, respectively. One (0.33%) of the personnel was carrier for a strain that concurrently was methicillin and vancomycin resistant. No correlation was found between carriage with sex, age, ward and length of occupation, and predisposing diseases. Kind of occupation and level of education were significantly related with carrier state. This is the first report of S. aureus resistant strains from lorestan provinces of Iran. Percentage of S. aureus carriage in hospital personnel was consistent with other published reliable documents. Isolation of 4 vancomycin intermediate S. aureus and 1 vancomycin resistant S. aureus strains from studied personnel was the interesting findings of this study. Because of carrying of such resistant strains in hospital personnel and risks of transmission to patients it needs further attention of health officials.

Key words: S. aureus, nosocomial infections, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA), vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA).

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Survey frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from urinary tract infection in Iran

Shila Jalalpour

Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University Shahreza Branch, Membership of Young Researchers Club, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 07 April, 2019

Abstract

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are defined as β-lactamase capable of hydrolyzing third generation cephalosporin's and inhibited by β-lactamase inhibitor. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a one of the most prevalent infection in worldwide and is the second most common infection. Most of UTI are due to Escherichia coli. Antibiotic resistance in ESBLs strains is one of the emerging health related problem in the world nowadays. The present study was performed at Tow Tertiary Care Hospitals in Isfahan, Iran during a 14 month period (7th June, 2008 to 6th July, 2010). Standard microbiological methods were performed. In order to validate the ESBLs producing strains, the ceftazidim, ceftazidim clavulanic acid, cefotaxim, cefotaxim clavulanic acid (according to CLSI, 2010) were used by disk diffusion method. Results from 91 samples showed that the frequency of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains was 84/6 and 15/4% respectively, while the Frequency of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains was obtained in 27 samples as 35/06% and 5 samples as 35/71%), respectively. According to result, there is high prevalence of ESBLs in E. coli and K. pneumoniae because the third generation cephalosporins are usually in the first line against too many severe infections. Justifiable use of this method will be an effective means of controlling and decreasing spread of ESBLs strains.

Key words: Extended spectrum beta lactamase, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of ESCHERICHIA COLI  O157 isolated from traditional cheese, ice cream and yoghurt in Iran

Ebrahim Rahimi^1,2*, Sepehr Shekarchian Chaleshtori³ and Pouya Parsaei²

¹Department of Food Hygiene, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.

²Member of Young Researches Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.

³Graduated Student of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Shahrekord, Shahrekord, Iran.

Accepted 22 April, 2019

Abstract

Verotoxin-producing of ESCHERICHIA COLI O157 is an increasingly common cause of severe gastrointestinal illness, enlisted among the most important emerging pathogens. The present study was conducted to investigate the presence of E. COLI O157 and E. COLI O157: H7 strains and to detect the presence of the STX1, STX2, EAE and EHXA insolates derived from 290 samples (120 samples from traditional fresh cheese, 120 samples from traditional ice cream and 50 samples from yoghurt). The samples were purchased from the Isfahan, Chaharmahal, Bakhtyari and Khuzestan provinces in Iran, over a period 6-month from August 2010 to February 2011. Standard cultural method and polymerase chain reaction were applied for these analyses. E. COLI O157 was detected in nine of the 290 (3.1%) samples tested (five isolated from traditional cheese and 4 isolated from traditional ice cream samples), whereas E. COLI O157: H7 was not detected in any samples. The genes STX1 and STX2 were detected in three E. COLI isolated obtained from traditional cheese samples none of the STX1, STX2, EAE and EHXA was detected in the E. COLI isolates obtained from traditional ice cream samples. Susceptibilities of nine E. COLI O157 isolates were determined for ten antimicrobial drugs using the disk diffusion assay. Resistance to ampicillin and gentamycin was the most common finding (44.4%), followed by resistance to erythromycin (33.3%), amoxicillin (11.1%), tetracycline (11.1%) and nalidixic acid (11.1%). All E. COLI O157 isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, and streptomycin. Thus, traditional cheese and ice cream manufactured from unpasteurized milk have appositional risk as a result of E. COLI O157 existence.

Key words: Escherichia coli O157, cheese, ice cream, yoghurt.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (5), pp. 001-004, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Epidemiology of entamoeba infection in Sudan

Amir Saeed¹, Hadi Abd², Birgitta Evengård³ and Gunnar Sandström¹*

¹Karolinska Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.

²Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, SE-171 82 Solna, Sweden.

³Umeå University, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infectious diseases, Umeå University Hospital, SE-901 85, Sweden.

Accepted 08 March, 2019

Abstract

The epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica infection in Sudan is poorly understood. This is due to the inability to differentiate E. histolytica from the non pathogenic, Entamoeba dispar. Old methods used such as direct microscopy and culturing are insensitive compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, light microscopy and PCR were utilized to study the prevalence of Entamoeba infection in patient attending University of Medical Science and Technology (UMST) hospital, in Khartoum, Sudan. By microscopy 196 stool samples were reported as positive for E. histolytica. PCR detected infections caused by E. histolytica in 54% (106 of 196), and Entamoeba dispar in 51% (100 of 196) of stool samples. By PCR also mixed infections were detected with both E. histolytica and E. dispar in 5% (10 of of stool samples. All 50 negative stool samples examined by microscopy were negative by PCR. The inability to distinguish E. histolytica from the morphologically similar E. dispar in stool samples is the main limitation of microscopic methods used mainly all laboratories in Sudan. All the 196 samples tested were reported positive for E. histolytica by microscopy but in this study it is shown that only 54% (106 of 196) were positive for E. histolytica. The other 51% (100 of 196) were positive for E. dispar, which were misdiagnosed as E. histolytica infections and mistreated with anti-amoebic drugs. Thus, PCR is recommended for detection and accurate identification of Entamoeba species in stool samples.

Key words: Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Sudan.