ISSN 2736-1756
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (10), pp. 001-014, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Physiological responses of Chenopodium quinoa to salt stress
A. Jason Morales1,2, Prabin Bajgain1, Zackary Garver1, Peter J. Maughan1 and Joshua A. Udall1*
1Department of Plant and Wildlife Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
2Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
Accepted 19 August, 2020
Abstract
Physiological responses to salt stress were measured in Chenopodium quinoa, a regionally important halophytic staple crop of Andean South America. In a greenhouse experiment, salt (NaCl) was applied to quinoa varieties, Chipaya and KU-2, and to the model halophyte Thellungiella halophila to assess their relative responses to salt stress. Height and weight data from a seven-week time course demonstrated that both C. quinoa cultivars exhibited greater tolerance to salt stress than the model plant T. halophila in these specific conditions. In a separate growth chamber experiment, two quinoa cultivars (chipaya and ollague) adapted to saline soils and one quinoa cultivar (CICA-17) adapted to a lower elevation were grown hydroponically and evaluated for physiological responses to four salt stress treatments. Tissues collected from the growth chamber experiments were used to obtain leaf water content, tissue ion concentrations, compatible solute concentrations, and RNA for real-time PCR. High levels of trigonelline, a known osmoprotectant, were found to accumulate in the high salt treatment suggesting a key role in salt tolerance of quinoa. The expression profiles of genes involved in salt stress, showed constitutive expression in leaf tissue and up-regulation in root tissue in response to salt stress. These data suggest that quinoa tolerates salt through a combination of salt exclusion and accumulation mechanisms.
Key words: Salt stress, quinoa, Thellungiella halophila, trigonelline, osmoprotectant.
Zackary Garver, A. Jason Morales, Prabin Bajgain, Peter J. Maughan and Joshua A. Udall*
Page: 1 - 14
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (10), pp. 001-012, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Evaluation of salicylic acid (SA) application on growth, osmotic solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities on broad bean seedlings grown under diluted seawater
Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz1,2*, Ashraf Mohamed Youssef3 and Parvaiz Ahmad4
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.
2Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, 83523 Qena, Egypt.
3Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
4Department of Botany, Baramulla College, 193101, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.
Accepted 24 April, 2020
Abstract
Exogenously applied salicylic acid has been shown to be an essential signal molecule involved in both local defense reactions and induction of systemic resistance response of plants after salt stress. Our study was aimed at evaluating the foliar spray with different levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mM) of salicylic acid (SA) on broad bean (Vicia faba L) seedlings grown under diluted seawater on growth and some related physiological responses. Seawater irrigation negatively affected growth parameters, free amino acids and K+, while the contents of soluble sugars and protein, proline, Cl , Na+, ion leakage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased. Foliar spray with SA improved all growth parameters and increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes. On the other hand, plants treated with SA had lower Cl and Na+, while K+ had a reverse pattern. Based on our findings, the effectiveness of SA in inducing seawater stress tolerance depends upon the concentration of SA applied. The inducer effect of SA was greater with 1 than 0.5 mM treatment. This effect includes the stimulation of antioxidant enzyme activities and regulation of osmotic adjustment through accumulation of osmotic solutes and regulation of absorption and distribution of inorganic ions.
Key words: Antioxidant enzyme activities, inorganic ions, proline.
Ashraf Mohamed Youssef and Parvaiz Ahmad, Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz*
Page: 1 - 12
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (10), pp. 001-006, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer on the productivity of Amaranthus cruentus in an ultisol environment
Law-Ogbomo, K. E.1*, Remison, S. U.2 and Jombo, E. O.3
1Department of Agriculture, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria.
2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria.
3Research and Technical Services, Edo Agricultural Development Project, Benin City, Nigeria.
Accepted 25 October, 2020
Abstract
A field study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms of the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the effect of palm oil mill effluent and NPK fertilizer on the performance of Amaranthus cruentus. The trial involved three levels of palm oil mill effluent (0. 5 and 10 t ha-1) and three levels of NPK (0, 150 and 300 kg ha-1) using a factorial arrangement fitted into randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Results revealed that the effluent and NPK fertilizer had positive effects on dry matter partitions, relative yield, relative agronomic effectiveness and chlorophyll content of A. cruentus. Integration of 5 t POME and 300 kg NPK ha-1 had the optimum total dry matter (9.65 t ha-1), relative yield (2.08), relative agronomic effectiveness (1.91) and total chlorophyll content (58.80 mg g-1).
Key words: Amaranthus cruentus, chlorophyll content, dry matter, relative agronomic, effectiveness.
S. U and Jombo, Law-Ogbomo , E. O., Remison , K. E*
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (10), pp. 001-010, October, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Effect of leaf area on dry matter production in aerated mung bean seed
Ahmad Khan* and Shad Khan Khalil
Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Accepted 13 September, 2020
Abstract
An area of plant science that is still unexplored is how leaf area affects crop dry matter production due to aeration of seed in osmoticum. In view of this, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar, Pakistan in the summer of 2003 and repeated in 2004. The seeds of two mung bean cultivars (NM-92 and NM- 98) were primed, some for 6 h and others for 12 h in using either distilled water (0MPa osmotic potential) or Polyethylene glycol-8000 (PEG) solution having -0.2, -0.5 and -1.2 MPa osmotic potential. A control treatment (dried seeds) was also included in the experiment. The primed seed were dried back, till the weight become constant and were store for sowing at 25°C. Data was collected on mung bean leaf area, dry matter production and growth parameters at different growth stages. Seed moisture content at maturity stage was also determined. There was no significant difference in leaf area for the different cultivars and seed treatment duration also did not lead to a significant difference in leaf area. However, seed priming techniques significantly affected the measured parameters. Dried seed had developed lower leaf area and dry matter compared to primed seeds. An exponential linear model of leaf area and total dry matter revealed that dry matter production was linearly related to leaf area (r2 = 77.23). The linear relationship between the leaf area and dry matter hold true our hypothesis and thus we concluded that beside environmental and genetical factors, the dry matter production is a function of leaf area in aerated seed of mung bean crop in semi-arid areas like North western Pakistan.
Key words: Mung bean, priming, growth, dry matter and leaf area.
Ahmad Khan*, Shad Khan Khalil
Page: 1 - 10
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Red blood cell membrane stabilizing potentials of extracts of Lantana camara and its fractions
O. O. Oyedapo*, B. A. Akinpelu, K. F. Akinwunmi, M. O. Adeyinka and F. O. Sipeolu
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile - Ife, Nigeria.
Accepted 23 July, 2020
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory activity of extract of Lantana camara, Linn and its fractions was investigated using stabilization of red blood cell membrane lysing technique. Phytochemically, whole plant extract (WPE) and ethanol fraction (EF) gave positive reactions for the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) gave reactions for the presence of flavonoids while butanol fraction (BF) gave positive test for the presence of saponins. The percentage membrane stability exhibited by the extract and various fractions was concentration dependent and compared favorably with those of standard drugs (Ibuprofen and Indomethacin). The results revealed that both ethanol and ethyl acetate fractions contained principles that protected the erythrocyte membranes effectively. Moreover, ethyl acetate fraction provided highest protection against induced lyses and exhibited both monophasic and biphasic responses at all the concentrations assayed. The possible mechanism of action of the extract and fractions is described and discussed.
Key words: Membrane, stabilization, anti- inflammatory, Lantana camara.
B. A. Akinpelu, O. O. Oyedapo*, K. F. Akinwunmi, M. O. Adeyinka and F. O. Sipeolu
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 14 (9), pp. 001-005, September, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Changes of some phenolic compounds and enzyme activities on infected pearl millet caused by Sclerospora graminicola
Kumar Arun*, P. C. Mali and V. K. Manga
Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur-342003, India.
Accepted 10 July, 2020
Abstract
Downy mildew or green ear disease of pearl millet caused by Sclerospora graminicola is the most destructive disease. Affected plants produce green ear with various types of proliferations and malformation of the panicle. Deranged physiology of susceptible and resistant varieties is governed by genetic base, pathogen virulence and induced resistance. Phenolic compounds have been noticed most influential secondary products in determination of resistance in pearl millet plants. In relation to this, activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) and IAA oxidase (IAAO) have also been found deranged considerably in the downy mildew affected plants of susceptible and resistant cultivars. The study suggests that accumulation of total phenols and OD-phenols caused the hyperphenolicity in infected resistant host tissues despite increased activities of POX and PPO. Total amino acids and free proline contents were increased manifold (1222.2 and 942.6%, respectively) in diseased tissues, particularly in resistant cv. HHB 67 than in susceptible one (Eknath), indicating biotic stress caused by S. graminicola. The role of enzyme activities and their related compounds have been discussed in the present paper.
Key words: Pearl millet, downy mildew, Sclerospora graminicola, metabolites, oxidative enzymes, hyperphenolicity.
P. C. Mali and V. K. Manga, Kumar Arun*
Page: 1 - 5