Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Use of RT-PCR in diagnosis of infectious hematopoietic necrosis in rainbow trout hatcheries, Iran

Mehdi Raissy^1,2*, Hasan Momtaz¹, Mahsa Ansari² and Manouchehr Moumeni³

¹Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University-Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.

²Young Researchers Club, Islamic Azad University-Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.

³Fishery Research Center, Islamic Azad University-Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran.

Accepted 7 April, 2017

Abstract

Distribution of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) was studied in rainbow trout fish farms in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari Province which is a major trout culture region in Iran. Overall 150 suspected rainbow trout fry with less than 3 g body weight from 30 fish farms in Chaharmahal and Bakhtyari Province, Iran, were studied and fishes of 10 hatcheries (33.3% of all studied farms) found to be infected with IHNV. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to the detection of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). The product of 371 bp was amplified from the RNA extracts of infected organs of suspected fish. DNA sequencing of the PCR products demonstrated specificity of the amplification. The RT-PCR was found to be a simple, highly specific and sensitive method allowing diagnosis of IHN in a short time.

Key words: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), IHN, rainbow trout.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Protease and amylase enzymes for biofilm removal and degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria

I. Phyllis Molobela¹*, T. Eugene Cloete² and Mervyn Beukes³

¹Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

²Faculty of Science, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.

³Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

Accepted 8 June, 2017

Abstract

Removal of biofilms is difficult. In industrial settings, both the inactivation and removal of biofilms are of huge concern. If only disinfection without the removal of attached biofilms occurs, the inactivated biofilm cells may provide an ideal environment for further adhesion and growth, resulting in a complex matrix. Microbial resistance to biocides and their negative environmental impact are the main reasons for finding alternative biofilm control strategies. Enzymes may offer such an alternative. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of commercial proteases and amylases on biofilms formed by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Biofilms were grown in diluted medium containing glass wool used as the attachment surface. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were extracted and EPS composition was determined. Protease (savinase, everlase and polarzyme) and amylase (Amyloglucosidase and Bacterial Amylase Novo) activity was tested on both biofilms and on extracted EPS. After testing enzymes, biofilm integrity was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. EPS composition consisted predominantly of proteins. Everlase and Savinase were the most effective enzymatic treatments on removing biofilms and degrading the EPS.

Key words: Biofilms, extracellular polymeric substances, Pseudomonas fluorescens, proteases, amylases.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full length Research Paper

Plant growth promoting activities of fluorescent pseudomonads associated with some crop plants

A. Suresh, P. Pallavi, P. Srinivas, V. Praveen Kumar, S. Jeevan Chandra and S. Ram Reddy*

Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Warangal- 506009 (A.P), India.

Accepted 13 March, 2017

Abstract

Fluorescent pseudomonads (FP), a major component of rhizobacteria, promote the plant growth through their multifarious activities. In the present investigations, 10 strains of fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from the rhizosphere soils of bajra (Pennisetum glaucum), jowar (Sorghum vulgare), rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays) were screened for their plant growth promoting activity based on their ability to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN), siderophores, proteases, indole acetic acid (IAA), broad spectrum antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi and phosphate solubilization. The results indicated that most of the isolates tested possess plant growth promoting traits. These isolates can be used as potential biofertilizers and also as biocontrol agents.

Key words: PGPR, indole acetic acid, hydrogen cyanide, protease, phosphate solubilization, antagonism.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparison of the effect of particulate materials and some osmoregulators on lactic fermentation of new local white cassava variety “Bianbasse” using both spontaneous and starter cultures

L. A. Adetunde¹* and A. A. Onilude²

¹Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University for Development Studies, Navrongo Campus, Navrongo, UER, Ghana.

²Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 22 June, 2016

Abstract

The effects of particulate materials and osmoregulatators on lactic fermentation of cassava were determined on total dissolved loads of all the samples; the total reducing sugars of all samples, the microbial loads in all the samples, the percentage crude protein contents, crude fibres, crude fat/ether, ash, phytic acid and tannin. Sample A₁ inoculated with varied concentrations of particulate materials had the highest total dissolved solid, total reducing sugar, lactic acid bacteria counts and total bacteria counts than sample B₁ with varied concentrations of osmoregulator. There was corresponding increase in sample A₂ and A₃ compared to sample B₂ and B₃. Sample C which served as control had the lowest value in all at 24, 48 and 72 h of fermentation. Most of the samples that contained varied concentration particulate materials had higher values in their proximate analysis and nutritional analysis than samples that contained varied concentrations of osmoregulators. Sample C with neither particulate materials nor osmoregulator had the least values in all analysis.

Key words: Particulate materials, osmoregulatators, lactic fermentation, samples.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial effect of chlorine dioxide and hyaluronate on dental biofilm

F. Al-bayaty^1,4*, T. Taiyeb-ali², M. A. Abdulla³ and F. Hashim³

¹Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

²Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University Malaya, Malaysia.

³Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Malaysia.

⁴Faculty of Dentistry, Level 19, Tower 2, Science and Technology Complex 40450, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

Accepted 8 April, 2017

Abstract

The objective of this study is to investigate antimicrobial action of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gel and hyaluronate gel (Gengigel^®) on dental biofilm. Pooled supra and subgingival dental biofilm were obtained from healthy individuals and incubated aerobically and anaerobically. Plaque bacteria investigated including Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus mitis, Eikenella corrodens, Fusobacterium nucleatum, dental plaque pool samples (aerobic and anaerobic) and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as internal control microorganisms. All bacteria were grown in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth and the clinical isolate strains were sub-cultured on BHI agar. Single pure colonies of bacteria were transferred into fresh BHI broth and incubated overnight. Bacterial counting was done using hemocytometer. Antibacterial activities were determined using bacteria grown on Mueller Hinton II  agar and antimicrobial disc diffusion susceptibility testing with paper discs impregnated with ClO₂ and Hyaluronate gels as well as by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) test. Bacterial morphological alterations following treatment with ClO₂ and Hyaluronate gels were viewed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) at 3500x, 10000 x and 20000x magnification. Positive results were obtained with disc diffusion technique whereby both agents exhibited antibacterial action against the microorganisms tested. ClO₂ gel produced large diameter inhibition zones while Hyaluronate gel resulted in smaller diameter inhibition zones. In MIC test the lowest MIC value of ClO₂ gel (0.02% w/v) was obtained for S. aureus, S. mitis and S. constellatus. The other bacteria and pool samples of dental biofilm indicated slightly higher MIC values (0.2% w/v) for ClO₂ gel. However, MIC values for Hyaluronate gel could not be determined. Under SEM, ClO₂ gel produced obvious alterations to the bacterial morphology while no changes were observed after treatment with hyaluronate gel. Chlorine dioxide gel demonstrated stronger and obvious antibacterial activity.

Key words: Chlorine dioxide gel, Gengigel^®, dental biofilm.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research Vol. 2017

Available online at http://internationalscholarsjournals.org/journal/ajmr

© 2017 International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Bacteria associated with bovine dermatophilosis in Zaria, Nigeria

J. S. Dalis¹*, H. M. Kazeem², A. A. Makinde¹ and M. Y. Fatihu²

¹National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.

²Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Accepted 18 March, 2017

Abstract

A study was carried out to determine the type of bacteria associated with bovine dermatophilosis in Zaria, Nigeria. Skin samples obtained from two hundred and eleven cattle with skin lesions suspected to be dermatophilosis were processed for bacteriology. One hundred and sixty-seven (79.1%) samples were positive for Dermatophilus congolensis, while 44 (20.9%) were negative. Both D. congolensis-positive and D. congolensis-negative samples were processed for isolation of other bacteria and the data was analyzed using Chi square test. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus spp, Corynebacterium spp., Escherichia coli, Proteus spp and Pseudomonas spp . were isolated from both D. congolensis-positive and D. congolensis-negative scabs. However, the rate of recovery of S. aureus from D. congolensis-positive cattle was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the rate of its recovery from D. congolensis negative cattle. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the occurrence of the other isolates in D. congolensis- positive and D.congolensis-negative cattle. It was concluded that S. aureus could be a major complicating factor in naturally occurring dermatophilosis of cattle. The need to investigate the role of bacteria particularly that of S. aureus in the development of bovine dermatophilosis was emphasized.

Key words: Dermatophilus congololensis, bovine skin, associated bacteria, Zaria, Nigeria.