AJMR | Table of Contents

Table of Contents 2019

Research Article

First report on Enterobacter sakazakii from Sudanese patients

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

First report on Enterobacter sakazakii from Sudanese patients

Humodi A. Saeed¹* and Rania M. Musallam²

Department of Microbiology, College of Medical laboratory Science, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Arbab El Agaid Street, P. O. Box 407 Khartoum, Sudan.

Accepted 12 March, 2019

Abstract

Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakii) has been identified as emerging opportunistic pathogens that can cause enterocolitis, bacteraemia, meningitis, brain abscess, and urinary tract infection. They have been particularly associated with meningitis in neonates where infant milk formulae have been epidemiologically linked to the disease. This study was carried out during the period of November 2008 to March 2009; to determine the occurrence of E. sakazakii in clinical specimens and its resistance to traditionally used antimicrobial agents in the Sudan. A total of 389 (311 urine specimens, 11 wound specimens, and 67 stool specimens) were collected from outpatients of three leading hospitals in Khartoum State. The urine specimens and wound swabs were cultured on blood and MacConkey's agars for primary isolation of pathogen, while stool specimens were cultured on selenite F broth and incubated overnight then subcultured on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Identification of the E. sakazakii was done by colonial morphology, Grams stain and biochemical tests using API 20E. Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was adopted to determine the resistance rate of E. sakazakii to fifteen antimicrobial agents. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antimicrobial agents was determined by E-test. The result showed that out of 389 specimens examined, 6 (1.5%) E. sakazakii were recovered, 4 (1.03%) from urine, 1(0.3%) from wound and 1(0.3%) from stool. The results more over revealed that the antimicrobial resistance of E. sakazakii was as follows; ceftazidime, amoxicillin, amoxyclav (100% each), co-trimoxazole, ticarcyline (83.3% each), chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ceftriaxone, nitrofuratoin, cephotaxime, tobramycin (66.7% each), ciprofloxacin, amikacin and nalidixic acid (16.7% each). None of the isolates were found to be resistant to gentamicin. In addition to that, the result indicated that the MIC, MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ of different antimicrobial agents range from 0.001 to > 240, 0.1 to > 240 and 0.5 to > 240 µg/ml respectively. The results indicated for the first time the presence of E. sakazakii in the examined clinical specimens in Sudan. The occurrence was high and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated E. sakazakii was also high.

Key words: Enterobacter sakazakii, API 20E, E-Test, Khartoum, Sudan.

Rania M. Musallam, Humodi A. Saeed*

Research Article

Survey of Ascaris lumbricoides among pupils of primary school in Jos south local government area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Survey of Ascaris lumbricoides among pupils of primary school in Jos south local government area of Plateau State, Nigeria

Dangana A.¹,* Abayomi R. O.², Way G. D.³ and Akobi O. A.⁴

¹Haematology Department, Federal Medical Centre Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.

²Parasitology Department, Federal Medical Centre Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.

³Family Medcine Department Federal Medical Centre Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.

⁴Medical Microbiology Department Federal Medical Centre Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.

Accepted 19 January, 2019

Abstract

Ascaris lumbricoides was surveyed among pupils of primary schools in Jos south local government. Four schools were visited: National Research Institute Staff Primary School, Rita Primary School, Joseph Primary School and St Andrew Primary School. A total of 471 samples were collected from pupils of these schools and processed using formol-ether concentration technique. Only 1 (0.2%) pupil from St Andrew Primary School was positive for A. lumbricoides. The prevalence of the infection among the age group showed that 1 (0.9%) in the age group (5 to 9) years was positive while the sex distribution showed a prevalence of 1(0.4%) among the male and no positive case was recorded among the females. The overall prevalence of other parasitic infections was 8.3% with hookworm having the highest prevalence of (5.3%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica with (0.6%), and Giardia lamblia (0.5%), while Hymenolepis nana and Taenia species had both a prevalence of (0.2%).

Key word: Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Taenia, prevalence, primary schools, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Dangana A, Way G. D and Akobi O. A, * Abayomi R. O

Research Article

mRNA expression of iron metabolism relation genes in macrophages by infection with Salmonella typhimurium

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

mRNA expression of iron metabolism relation genes in macrophages by infection with Salmonella typhimurium

Pan Xin

Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 86-21-81870998 or 13524211027. Fax: 86-21-81870998.

Accepted 16 January, 2019

Abstract

A total number of 13 iron metabolism relation genes expression profiles of RAW264.7 murine macrophages infected or uninfected with Salmonella typhimurium were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the metabolism of iron in host-pathogen interplay. The living wild-type S. typhimurium induces expression of the transferrin receptor (Tfr1) in host cell macrophages, which results in a sustained increase of the labile iron pool inside the host cell after 1 or 24 h infection. Gene expression analysis showed that wild-type S. typhimurium drives an active iron acquisition program with induction of ferrireductase (Steap3), iron membrane transporter Dmt1, and iron regulatory proteins (Irp1 and Irp2), while not too much iron efflux changing through ferriportin (Fpn1). The spiA^-Salmonella mutant strain used in our studies also caused an increase in Tfr1 at 1 or 24 h, but leading to decrease in Fpn1 at 24 h as compared with 1 h. The assessment of the labile iron pool after infection with spiA^- Salmonella after 24 h shows an increase. The same of these two phenotypes allowed iron overload in macrophage and became one of the reasons for Salmonella survival inside the macrophage.

Key words: Macrophage, Salmonella, iron metabolism.

Pan Xin

Research Article

Isolation of a bacteriophage against Salmonella Dublin and determination of its physical resistance under varied in vitro conditions

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Isolation of a bacteriophage against Salmonella Dublin and determination of its physical resistance under varied in vitro conditions

Mudit Chandra1*, Sunita Thakur2, Deepti Narang3 and H. M. Saxena4

Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana- 141004, India.

Accepted 10 January, 2019

Abstract

In the present study a phage against Salmonella Dublin was isolated using agar overlay technique. On physical characterization of the phage (pH, temperature and sun light exposure) it was found that the phage could survive at varied pH conditions with reduction in its numbers. A temperature of above 50°C and direct sunlight beyond 5 days was found to be deleterious for survival of the phage.

Key words: Salmonella, bacteriophage, physical parameters, pH, sunlight.

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2019. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Author(s) retain the copyright of this article.

Mudit Chandra*, Deepti Narang and H. M. Saxena, Sunita Thakur

Research Article

The functional roles of the residue tyrosine at position 26 in staphylococcal enterotoxin C2

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The functional roles of the residue tyrosine at position 26 in staphylococcal enterotoxin C2

Hongbo Wang^1,2, Junyi Zhou³, Mingkai Xu¹*, Huiwen Zhang¹ and Chenggang Zhang¹

¹Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.

²Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China.

³Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.

Accepted 11 January, 2019

Abstract

Bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) is a very potent activator of T cells. Previous crystal studies on SEC2 showed that residue Tyr26 which is located near the T cell receptor (TCR) binding sites could potentially participate in T cell activating. In SEC1, a superantigen highly homologous to SEC2, the residue Val26 played a critical role in stimulating certain V expansion. Moreover, residues 20, 22 and 26 in SEC1 determined its serologic cross-reaction. In order to investigate the potential roles of Tyr26 in SEC2, two SEC2 mutants SEC2 (Y26V) and SEC2(Y26A) were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The activities and toxicities of the two mutants were determined both in vivo and in vitro. Results showed that both SEC2 (Y26V) and SEC2 (Y26A) remained potent immune stimulating activities compared with native SEC2. SEC2 (Y26V) had a decreased pyrogenic effect on rabbit model. Both of the two mutants had significantly decreased binding affinities to anti-SEC2 IgG. Our result indicated that Tyr26 is a critical site for the serological characters of SEC2 rather than for its superantigen activity. This may also provide an insight in constructing a novel mutant to substitute native SEC2 in cancer immunotherapy avoiding being neutralized by anti-SEC2 IgG in vivo.

Key words: Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2, Site-directed mutagenesis, superantigen, serological, property.

Hongbo Wang, Huiwen Zhang and Chenggang Zhang, Junyi Zhou, Mingkai Xu*

Research Article

Effect of glucose supplementation on CANDIDA ALBICANS virulence in immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (MUS MUSCULUS)

Advanced Journal of Microbiology Research ISSN 2241-9837 Vol. 13 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of glucose supplementation on CANDIDA ALBICANS virulence in immunosuppressed Swiss albino mice (MUS MUSCULUS)

Emira Noumi¹*, Mejdi Snoussi¹, Sonia El Ghoul², Mahmoud Rouabhia³ and Amina Bakhrouf¹

¹Laboratoire d’Analyse, Traitement et Valorisation des Polluants de l’Environnement et des Produits, Département de Microbiologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Rue Avicenne, Monastir 5000, Tunisie.

²Laboratoire d’Histologie-Embryologie, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Monastir 5000, Tunisie. ³Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval Québec (Québec), G1V 0A6, Canada.

Accepted 23 January, 2019

Abstract

We investigated the effect of dietary carbohydrate supplementation on CANDIDA ALBICANS colonization using an animal model and a CANDIDA strain with both high phospholipase and proteinase activity. Normal and immunosuppressed mice were inoculated intraperitonially with C. ALBICANS and were allowed free access to drinking water supplemented or not with glucose. Blood and different organs including liver, spleen, lung and kidney were aseptically collected every 72 h post-infection. The presence and the growth of C. ALBICANS in blood and each organ were investigated. We also performed histopathologic investigations on each organ to assess tissue structure, the presence of C. ALBICANS, and its form (blastospore or hyphae). The results showed that on the third day post-inoculation, the cfu of C. ALBICANS per organ was significantly higher in mice inoculated by C. ALBICANS and receiving the glucose as supplement (433 cfu/liver) comparatively to the group receiving C. ALBICANS only (140 cfu/liver). Histological analysis revealed the presence of CANDIDA cells in blastospore and hyphal form, particularly in the CANDIDA-infected glucose-supplemented mice whose livers displayed oedema and leukocyte infiltration with a high density of polymorphonuclear cells. Overall results indicate that dietary glucose supplementation leads to higher rates of CANDIDA growth and invasion. This suggests that glucose restriction could be a possible way to control C. ALBICANS pathogenesis IN VIVO.

Key words: Candida albicans, glucose, immunosuppressed mice, experimental infection.

Sonia El Ghoul, Mejdi Snoussi, Mahmoud Rouabhia and Amina Bakhrouf, Emira Noumi*