International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 815-819, May, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A study of three chicken generations by the change of DNA frequencies of random population

A.E.Elkomy¹, Hanan.H.Ghanem² and Elsayed E. Hafez¹

¹Arid Lands Cultivation and Development Research Institute, Mubark City for Scientific Research and Biotechnology Application, Egypt.

²Animal Prod. Inst. Agric. Res. Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 24 February, 2018

Abstract

Random population studies are very important to estimate the environmental factors in nutritional, physiological and breeding experiments. Studying the quantitative traits, consisting of genetic, environmental factors and interaction between them is very important as well. In a random population study, the genetic variation for 50 chicken individuals (Mandarah strain) of three successive generations was examined using differential display technique. The difference between the generations was measured by the change of DNA frequencies for the random population. Age at sexual maturity was changed during the three generations, but these differences were not significant. The body weight at sexual maturity (BWSM) of the 2nd and the 3rd generations was decreased significantly compared with the 1st generation. Whenever this decrease was not frequent, although, the egg number (EN), egg mass (EM) and rate of laying (RL) were not constant over generations, differences between the generations were highly significant for EN and EM only. In addition, comparative analysis based on the molecular levels and genotype stability clarified the genetic variations between the examined groups (females or males). Eleven bands with different molecular weights were observed in case of females in comparison to only 9 bands in case of the males. Phylogenetic studies revealed that, there was a genetic variability between females of the 1st generation. Furthermore, low level of similarity was observed between the 2nd generation in respect to the 1st and 3rd generations. Genetic similarity between females and males of the 2nd and the 3rd generations was 55%. It could be concluded that the differences in egg production trait, which was found among generations, may be due to indirect or natural selection.

Key words: Differential display, random mating, chicken and random population.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 7 (8), pp. 847-852, August, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A study of the amount of alcohol present in orange wines produced by fermenting four strains of Saccharomyces species

Okunowo, Wahab Oluwanisola* and Osuntoki, Akinniyi Adediran

Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos. P.M.B. 12003. Lagos. Nigeria

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 16 August, 2017

Abstract

Gas liquid chromatography was used to identify the types of alcohol present in wines produced by fermenting orange juice with four strains of yeast; Saccharomyces cerevisiae (isolated from yam), S. cerevisiae (from sugarcane molasses), Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (from sugarcane molasses) and S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus (from orange juice). Ethanol and methanol were the predominant alcohols. The ethanol content was highest, 90.38% with S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus and least, 81.49% with S. cerevisiae (from sugarcane molasses). The methanol concentration varied between 9.51% with S. cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus and 14.93% with S. carlsbergensis. The other alcohol detected, isopro-panol was generally negligible; 0.10 to 0.25% except with S. cerevisiae (from sugarcane molasses) which produced it as 5.46% of the total alcohol. The total alcohol was highest, 6.50 ± 0.15% with S. carlsbergensis and least 3.23 ± 0.12 with S. cerevesiae var. ellipsoideus.

Key words: Alcohol types, fermentation, orange wine, Saccharomyces, yeast strains.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 7 (7), pp. 826-833, July, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A study of biochemical indices of male rat reproductive function

Yakubu, M. T.*, Oladiji, A. T. and Akanji, M. A.

Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, P. M. B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]. GSM No: +234 (0) 8033578658.

Accepted 15 August, 2017

Abstract

The effects of administration of aqueous extracts of Fadogia agrestis stem for 28 days and the 10 days post treatment effects on biochemical indices of reproductive function and testicular histology were evaluated in male albino rats. The rats were randomly selected into four study groups, A, B, C and D of 10 rats per group. Animals in group A (control) received 1 ml of distilled water (vehicle), and test groups B, C and D received graded doses of 18, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight of extract respectively on daily basis for 28 days. At the end of 28 days treatment period, 5 animals were sacrificed while the remaining 5 from the same group were sacrificed after a ten day recovery period. There were significant (P<0.05) increases in the prostrate – body weight ratio (%), citric acid concentration and acid phosphatase activity at all the dose regimen and only at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight dose regimen for calcium and phosphate, while pH was not altered. There was no recovery on prostatic parameters except the citric acid content at 18 mg/kg body weight. Sperm count, motility, morphology and density were significantly reduced at 50 and 100 mg/kg dose regimen. The pH, colour, turbidity and viscosity of semen were unaffected but the seminal vesicular-body weight ratio (%), fructose content and glutamate dehydrogenase activity were significantly (P<0.05) reduced at higher doses. Histopathological changes revealed destruction of spermatic cells and seminiferous tubules. Toxicity was mild and reversible at 18 mg/kg body weight dose regimen but there was irreversible derangement on male testicular histology at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight dose regimen, which may adversely affect reproductive function especially male fertility.

Key words: Fadogia agrestis stem, prostate, seminal vesicle, sperm, oral administration, recovery, reproductive function indices, testicular histology.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 7 (7), pp. 834-841, July, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A study of Cassia auriculata flowers on insulin receptors in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

L. Pari ^1*, P. Murugan¹ and C. Appa Rao²

¹Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608 002,

Tamil Nadu, India.

²Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati-517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +914144 238343Fax: + 914144 238145

Accepted 12 January, 2018

Abstract

In this paper, we investigated the insulin-receptor-binding effect of Cassia auriculata flower extract (CFEt) in streptozotocin induced male wistar rats, using circulating erythrocytes as a model system. We measured the levels of plasma glucose and plasma insulin and the binding of insulin to cell-membrane erythrocyte receptors (ER) in CFEt and glibenclamide treated diabetic rats. The mean specific binding of insulin to ER was significantly lower in diabetic control rats than in CFEt, glibenclamide treated diabetic rats, resulting in a significant decrease in plasma insulin. Scatchard plot analysis demonstrated that the decrease in insulin binding was accounted for by a lower number of insulin receptor sites per cell in diabetic control rats when compared with CFEt treated rats. High-affinity (K_d1), low-affinity (K_d2), and kinetic analysis revealed an increase in the average receptor affinity in ER from CFEt treated diabetic rats. The results suggest an acute alteration in the number of insulin receptors on ER membranes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic control rats. Treatment with CFEt (2.40 ± 0.15) improved specific insulin binding, with receptor number and affinity binding diabetic rats (0.95 ± 0.06). These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of pancreas section. The data presented here showed that CFEt increase total ER membrane insulin binding sites with a concomitant (7.08 ± 0.51) increase in plasma insulin.

Key words: Glucose, insulin binding sites, plasma insulin, Cassia auriculata, glibenclamide.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 800-809, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of total phenol content and total flavonoids content from Anacardium occidental L. (Anacardeaceae) using response surface methodology

MADJITOLOUM BETOLOUM Salomon^1,4*, TALLA Emmanuel^2*, NGASSOUM Martin Benoît¹, TSATSOP TSAGUE Roli Karole¹, NYEMB Jean Noël², MAHMOUT Yaya³

¹Department of Applied Chemistry, National Advanced School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere (UN), Cameroon.

²Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere (UN), Cameroun.

³Laboratory of Research on Natural Substances, University of N’Djamena (UN), Chad.

⁴Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Adam Barka of Abeche (UNABA), Chad.

Corresponding author: [email protected]; Tel.+23566305267; +237674863715;+237 699506524

Accepted 03 February, 2018

Abstract

The optimal conditions of Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) of total phenol content and total flavonoids content from A. occidentale L. stem bark were determined. A second-order regression for central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the effects of four independent variables, namely extraction time (s), irradiation power (W), solvent-to-solids ratio (mL/g) and methanol concentration (%) on the responses. The second-order regression for CCD consisted of 24 experimental points and 4 replications at the central point. Data were analyzed using Statgraphics software. The optimal conditions based on combination responses were: extraction time of 83 s, irradiation power of 620 W, solvent-to-solids ratio of 33.4 mL/g and methanol concentration of 63.17% according to the analysis of response surface. These optimum conditions yielded total phenolic contents (TPC) of 674.58 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/ 100g DM and total flavonoid content (TFC) of 85.38 mg Quercetin Equivalent (QE)/100g DM. Close agreement between experimental and predicted values was found.

Keywords: Anacardiu moccidentale L., total phenols and total flavonoids, Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Optimal conditions.