International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The effect of media, oil type and rate on the mycelia wet and dry weights of Lentinus squarrosulus (Mont.) singer and Psathyrella atroumbonata Pegler in submerged liquid culture

Nwanze PI^1*, Khan AU², Ameh JB³ and Umoh VJ⁴

¹Department Of Biological Sciences,College Of Natural And Applied Sciences, Igbinedion University,Okada, P.M.B.0006,Edo State, Nigeria.

²Department Of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Kaduna State, Nigeria.

³Department Of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Kaduna State, Nigeria.

⁴Department Of Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Kaduna State, Nigeria.

Accepted 28 July, 2019

Abstract

Lentinus squarrosulus and Psathyrella atroumbonata, two edible indigenous mushroom species, were cultured in four different submerged liquid media supplemented with coconut, cotton, groundnut, butterfat, palm kernel and palm oil at 5 different rates. The differences in the means due to the different media types were highly significant (p<0.01) for the mean mycelia wet and dry weights of both L. squarrosulus and P. atroumbonata. SLCM3, which contained twice the glucose level present in each of the other three liquid culture media, induced the heaviest mean wet and dry mycelia weights of both mushroom species. Oil type had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on the wet and dry mycelia weights of L. squarrosulus as well as the mycelia wet weight of P. atroumbonata. Butterfat induced the heaviest weights. In addition, oil rate also had a significant effect (p<0.01) on the mean mycelia wet and dry weights of both mushroom species. The oil rates of 0.003, 0.005 and 0.007 ml/ml produced comparable optimum mean mycelia wet and dry weights of the mushrooms.

Key words: Lentinus squarrosulus, Psathyrella atroumbonata, supplemented media, submerged liquid media, oil type and rate.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (10), pp. 001-010, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Contrasting genetic diversity among Oryza longistaminata (A. Chev et Roehr) populations from different geographic origins using AFLP

D. K. Kiambi¹*, H. J. Newbury², B. V. Ford-Lloyd² and I. Dawson³

¹International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) – Regional Office for sub-Saharan Africa,P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya.

²School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.

³International Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), P.O. Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya.

Accepted 13  July, 2019

Abstract

Molecular markers have been used extensively in studying genetic diversity, genetic relationships and germplasm management. However, the understanding of between and within population genetic variation and how it is partitioned on the basis of geographic origin is crucial as this helps to improve sampling efficiency. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the intra-specific diversity in Oryza longistaminata and how the variation is partitioned within and between different geographic locations, using molecular markers. AFLP analysis generated 176 bands that revealed high levels of polymorphism (95.6%) and diversity within and between populations. The mean Nei’s genetic diversity for all the 176 loci in the 48 populations was 0.302 and diversity for populations within countries ranged from 0.1161 to 0.2126. Partitioning of between and within population diversity revealed that the mean allelic diversity at each polymorphic locus was HT = 0.3445. The within population diversity was (HS = 0.1755) and the between population diversity was (DST = 0.1688) . Results of AMOVA revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in genetic variation among populations within different countries of the region. Genetic parameters estimated from AFLP data indicated that there are high levels of genetic diversity in the wild populations of O. longistaminata studied and that this diversity is higher within than between populations. Hierarchical partitioning also revealed that most of this diversity is found between populations within countries than among countries. Regional collection and conservation strategies therefore need to consider country differences while national strategies should consider population differences within countries.

Key words: Molecular markers, AFLP, Oryza longistaminata, populations, genetic diversity.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (10), pp. 001-005, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Herbal remedies in animal parasitic diseases in Nigeria: a review

Fajimi, A. K. and Taiwo, A. A.

Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, Moor Plantation, P. M. B. 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Accepted 12 May, 2019

Abstract

This review of literature elucidates previous and current status of herbal remedies in animal parasitic diseases in Nigeria. It provides background information on the rationale behind ethnoveterinary research in general especially as it relates to the developing nations where cost of drugs majorly limit the full use of modern medicine. It presents in quantifiable terms the degree of efficacy of whole or plant parts and their extracts in percentages of efficacy. Dosages and concentrations were reported in certain instances especially in confirmatory research trials unlike in “surveys” where dosages were not recorded but presented only as “traditional practices among herdsmen” for which scientific validation is necessary. Also, comparative inferences were drawn between the efficacy of tested herb and its counterpart in modern medicine. This review concludes that ethnoveterinary medicine should form a part of modern day animal health delivery system.

Keywords: Herb, efficacy, ethno-veterinary, parasite.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (10), pp. 001-011, October, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Molecular approaches to detect and study the organisms causing bovine tick borne diseases: babesiosis and anaplasmosis

Ala Lew* and Wayne Jorgensen

Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries, c/o Locked Mail Bag No. 4 Moorooka 4105 QLD, Australia.

Accepted 12 July, 2019

Abstract

This review will summarise the molecular approaches used to detect and analyse the genomes of Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma marginale which cause bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. These tick borne diseases are widely distributed in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America and for example, have been estimated to have an economic impact of US$15.9, $6.9, $6.2, $2.8, $22 million per annum in Australia, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Tanzania, and South Africa, respectively (McLeod and Kristjanson, 1999). The development and uptake of molecular tools to study these pathogens are reviewed to highlight potential directions for future research.

Key words: Review, Babesia, Anaplasma, molecular detection, phylogeny, gene analysis.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Immunomodulatory activities of methanol extract of the whole aerial part of Phyllantus niruri L.

Okorocha Ben Akintola

Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University Oye Ekiti, Oye, Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 21 March, 2019

Abstract

In this study, the effect of methanol extract of whole aerial parts of Phyllantus niruri on some specific and non-specific immune response was investigated. The effects of P. niruri on in vivo leucocyte mobilization, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTHR) response, and humoral antibody (HA) response were determined in rats. Acute toxicity profile of P. niruri was evaluated in mice. The Agar induced in vivo leucocytes mobilization into the rats peritoneal fluid was (P<0.05) increased by P. niruri N (200 and 400 mg/kg) in a dose related manner. The total leucocytes count was higher in the extract treated group than the control group. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNS) were more mobilized than the lymphocytes. P. niruri at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight produced significant (P<0.05) inhibition of DTH response in rat by 30.55, 66.67 and 44.44%, respectively with 200 mg/kg being most significant. The primary and secondary sheep red blood cell antibody titres were significantly elevated when compared with the control group. P. niruri administered orally showed no death or signs of acute intoxication at doses up to 5000 mg/kg after 24 h of observation. The result of this study showed that the methanol extract of P. niruri whole plant possess immunomodulatory activities and warrant further investigation to determine the specific constituent(s) of the plant responsible for this property.

Key words: Phyllantus niruri, leucocyte mobilization, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTHR), humoral antibody titre, immunomodulation.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (9), pp. 001-005, September, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The commonness of human Brucellosis in Mazandaran area, Iran

*Ruhollah Ahmadinejad, Leila E. Hatima and Reza E. Aghdashloo

Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 17 March, 2019

Abstract

Brucellosis is a bacterial infectious disease shared between human and livestock caused by a bacterium of the genus Brucella. This disease is generally transmitted to human through direct contact with an infectious animal, drinking unpasteurized milk or milk products. Symptoms include weakness, lethargy, chills, fever, sweating, decreased appetite, headache, back pain and psychological symptoms; and the main cause of death is mainly endocarditic. This study was conducted with the aim to diagnose Brucellosis seroepidemiology in people referred to health and medical centers of Mazandaran province during 2010. Blood samples were taken from participants and after centrifugation and separation of serum, all the received samples first underwent Wright Tube Agglutination test and the samples of Wright tube test with negative or low titers of antibody were used for identifying Blukay antibodies of Standard Coombs Wright Test. To determine whether or not the disease is motile, 2ME Wright Test and Elisa were also conducted. During this study, 337 participants were found positive for Brucellosis. Of these, 25.72% lives in the city and 74.28% is in rural areas. Also, 54.37% were male and 45.63% female. Brucellosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution and it’s still an uncontrolled serious public health problem in many developing countries including Iran.

Key words: Human Brucellosis, prevalence, Mazandaran, Iran.