International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Knowledge management for plant biosecurity in South Asia

Chandra C. Malhotra

College of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. Email: [email protected]

Accepted 13 February, 2019

Abstract

Knowledge management promotes an integrated approach to identify, capture, evaluate, retrieve and share information assets for enhanced knowledge processing. Agriculture forms the backbone of rural livelihoods and national economy in South Asia. The food security which largely depends on plant biosecurity in South Asian countries is challenged by devastations in agricultural crops caused by diseases and pests and the problem is further aggravated by the dearth of resources devoted to their management. The geographical location, climatic suitability and the diverse agricultural scenario predisposes the South Asian region to new/emerging native pests and diseases many of which have a potential to establish and cause serious economic losses. The region, with its high population and increasing trade, thus requires a proper knowledge management in biosecurity encompassing available information and programmes on regulatory, technical and infrastructural parameters at one platform. The knowledge management in plant biosecurity will help in collating and harnessing information for timely and accurate diagnosis of the pest and will be an indispensable tool for developing and implementing an early warning system and a rapid response strategy in case epidemics break out. Also, it will contribute to collate and harness the information on pests and will facilitate capturing the market for export. The South Asia countries need to come on one platform to strategize collectively in this aspect to harness the natural and knowledge resources in the region to ensure an effective plant biosecurity in the region. For this, the countries/organizations need to align their strategies with the knowledge base of the country by keeping pace with technology and using regional bodies as a platform to achieve the objectives.

Key words: Knowledge management, food security, biosecurity.

Key words: Biosecurity, feed lots, Central Ethiopia.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (4), pp. 001-013, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biosecurity estimations in diverse dairy cultivates in Khartoum State, Sudan

Mohammed Omar Gaafar

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum,

Accepted 19 January, 2019

Abstract

Ninety dairy farms were surveyed in Khartoum State to investigate their veterinary supervision, management, husbandry, biosecurity and hygienic practices. The information was collected by using questionnaire, visits and direct interviews with farm owners. Supervision of the dairy farms revealed highly significant (P < 0.001) variations and mostly done by the owners and herd keepers (60.8%). Cows alone as the main milk producing animals represent 60% and the predominant herds were cross breed dairy cows. Medication was usually given by the veterinarians assisted by farm owners and laborers (47%). Vaccination against some contagious diseases as a routine was done in 65.2% of the farms. The data showed that dairy cattle come in contact with other animals from different herds or farms through natural mating (56.3%), during feeding (20.7%) and drinking (23%). Dipping areas, cleaning of milkers' hands before milking, cleaning of udder, and keeping records were rare. Quarantine of newly introduced cows was practiced in 34.4% of the studied farms and 64.4% of farms owners keep their dairy cows inside the farms without grazing. Dung removal within regular intervals was practiced by 61.1% of the dairy farms and the single use of disposal syringes for one animal was practiced in 45% of the farms. Well designed pens were observed only in 13.3% of the farms, while 70% of pens were designed with local materials. The current study showed high prevalence of mastitis (90%), thileriosis (66.7%) and tick infestation (88.9%) in the surveyed dairy farms and that diseases control were not satisfactory. Hence the present study recommended the training of animal producers and laborers (formal and vocational training) to increase awareness on house designing, rearing, herd management and biosecurity and health supervision of their herds.

Key words: Dairy farms, biosecurity, health supervision, hygiene.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (4), pp. 001-007, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of biosecurity measures on grill cultivates in Khartoum, Sudan

Mohammed Omar Gaafar

Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan. Email: [email protected]

Accepted 03 January, 2019

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the present biosecurity measures in broiler farms in Khartoum and to compare between the biosecurity practices followed in closed system and open system farms. The primary information that included numbers of broiler poultry in each farms, locations in the state and type of farms were obtained from Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources, Khartoum. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used; collection of information was done at different levels (sites, farms and persons). A total of 45 broiler farms (13 closed and 32 open systems) were chosen from Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman. Data were collected by using structured questionnaire. The respondents were farm owners, farm managers, veterinarians and workers. The results showed that the closed system had a higher level of biosecurity than the open system. 100% of the closed system practiced all in all out system when compared with 81.3% of the open system farms. The open system farms had less secure boundaries; 28.1% of the farms did not have fence when compared with 100% of the closed system farms. Only 2.2% of the farms had washing by disinfectants at the gates. The distance among the pens in each farm which was more than 100 m was 33.3%. Among the 45 farms, 87.5% disinfected the equipment before each production cycle. It was found that 88.9% of the farms collected dead chickens once daily. The results, also, showed that 57% of the farms did not use disinfectants in their foot dips of each pen and 84.4% had no warning signs for entrance of unauthorized people. Among these farms, 17.8% had control plan for vermin, 68.9% of the farms isolated the sick birds, and 26.7% were found to keep different species of birds other than poultry and 15.5% used to treat drinking water for poultry. It is concluded that the majority of the farms in were far from application of biosecurity measures.

Key words: Biosecurity, measures, broiler farms, Khartoum, Sudan.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-013, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review 

The role of antibodies in disposal and worldwide destruction of measles: A survey of writing

*Okonjibola E. Ike, Emeron B. I and Akpabio Isaac Newton

Department of Epidemiology, Medical Statistics and Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Accepted 23 February, 2019

Abstract

This review summarizes the role of vaccines in elimination and global eradication of measles-a review of literature. Measles eradication is defined as the interruption of measles transmission worldwide as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention methods may no longer be needed. It represents the sum of successful elimination efforts in all countries. Indeed, measles transmission has been interrupted in several countries, reinforcing the view that measles eradication is technically feasible using existing vaccines, laboratory techniques and intervention strategies. However, measles still accounts for 10% of global mortality from all causes among children aged less than 5 years (That is, approximately 1 million deaths annually). Vaccination proper coverage is key indicator of campaign success and to predict control on measles. In Nigeria where there is perennial, low routine vaccination coverage and where the quality of the mass immunization campaign is not high enough, large and persistent measles outbreaks continue to occur with high morbidity and mortality. Immunization and vaccination remains one of the most cost effective strategies to prevent infectious diseases. However, the most effective and efficient way to protect the health of children is by immunization before the risk of disease arises. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating small pox in the world, soon would be achieved with polio and measles will be next to reach the same degree of disease control (viz, worldwide eradication) as has occurred with smallpox. The efficacy of vaccination and immunization in reducing the incidences of several diseases is clearly shown by the success story of measles control in developed countries of the world. However, intensified efforts are necessary to implement appropriate control and elimination strategies, including supplementary vaccination campaigns, expansion of routine vaccination services, and surveillance.

Key words: Antibody, elimination, eradication, immunization, measles, measles virus, measles vaccine, vaccination.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (3), pp. 001-010, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Survey on nourishment wellbeing System: Ethiopian point of view

*Negasso E. Dinka, Hailu E. Yimenu and Mikael S. W.

College of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.

Accepted 17 January, 2019

Abstract

Ensuring food safety to protect public health remains a significant challenge in both developing and developed countries. In the last decade, large efforts have been made on the global level towards development and implementation of food safety management systems to assure food safety in the agri‐food chain. Current and new challenges to food safety include changes in animal husbandry, food or agricultural technology, lifestyle and consumer demands and others. In Ethiopia, key stakeholders involved in food safety management include Ministry of Health , Ministry of Agriculture, Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia, Environmental Protection Authority, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Trade, different Federal and Regional Governmental Bodies, Research Institutions, Ministry of Education, Food Manufacturers, Food distributors and Hotels. Even though effective food safety systems are vital to maintain consumer confidence in the food system and to provide a sound regulatory foundation for domestic and international trade in food, there are gaps in Ethiopian food safety system on legal and policy frame work, food-borne diseases surveillance, coordination of organizations involved in food safety management, and laboratory services for relevant food hazards. Lack of appropriate food safety assurance systems are problems that have become obstacles to Ethiopia’s economic development and public health safety. There is no appropriate policy framework that guides food safety management. Initiating the establishment of National food safety Authority/policy, upgrading the capacity of existing public health laboratory, personnel, food-borne diseases surveillance, and legal and policy frame work are as such suggested to overcome these problems.

Key words: Ethiopia, food safety, regulatory body, policy.