International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 14 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Case Report

Rare Occurrences in Gastroenterology: The Phenomenon of Nasogastric Tube Self-Knotting

Awe JAA (MBBS Ibadan; FWACS; FICS; DBLS; FRCS),

Consultant General Surgeon and Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences,
Igbinedion University, Okada; Edo State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 07 May, 2015

Nasogastric tubes are commonly used in daily practice both for stomach decompression and for feeding purposes however the number of potential complications almost exceeds the indications for use. This innocent-looking tube can at times cause unexpected complications especially in patients with pre-existing risk factors. It has been found to have led to serious complications including respiratory distress, severe laryngeal injury, and trachea-esophageal puncture. Knotting of small-bore feeding tubes and nasogastric tubes during insertion and removal is rare; knotting of large-caliber nasogastric tubes is even more uncommon. However most of this morbidity is avoidable with careful attention to detail when placing the tube and careful management of the tube on a day to day basis. A knot occurring in the distal end of a nasogastric tube is a rare complication. This is either recognized once the tube is completely removed, or if resistance is encountered during its removal, when the knot presses upon the posterior aspect of the nasal area. We hereby report a knotted nasogastric tube on one of our long stay patient in our health facility inserted for feeding and administration of medication. After some time, it was observed that the nasogastric tube suddenly became blocked. Attempts to flush the tube freely failed.

Keywords: Nasogastric tube, Knotting

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 14 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Fecal Carriage Rates of ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Hospitalized vs. Non-Hospitalized Patients

Tarek A.A. Moussa1 Rasha H. ElSherif2, Mohamed E.A. Dawoud1, Reham A. Dwedar3 and Nahla T. Muhammedy1

1Botany Department Science Faculty Cairo University.
2Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.
3Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.

Accepted 18 June, 2015

Recently the world has seen a surge in extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria. However, data on the dissemination of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the hospital and in non-hospitalized personal from systematically enrolled study subjects in Egypt remains few. Aim of study: To determine the prevalence, phenotypic resistance patterns and genetic characteristics of ESBL-producing Entearobacteracicea in fecal carriage in both hospital and in non-hospitalized personal. Material and methods: A total of 160 fecal samples from 60 non hospitalized coming from out patients clinics and100 hospitalized patients .The were screened for the presence of ESBL producing Enterobactearicae. A multiplex PCR assay was used to identify blaCTX-M blaSHV, blaOXA, blaTEM genes. Results: Out of 60 clinical isolates from non-hospitalized patients group (1) it was found that the 41 Escherichia coliisolates produced the different ESBLs types as follow:(58%) produced TEM gene, (95%) produced CTX-M, (54%) produced TEM combined with CTX-M. Out of 100 clinical isolates from hospitalized patients group (II) it was founded that the (50) Escherichia coliisolates produced the different ESBLs types as follow: (78%) produced TEM gene, (96%) produced CTX-M and (74%) produced TEM combined with CTX-M. Conclusion: The most affected age was 15-30 years; this may be due to the panting of this age group on fast food, which may be the reason in the transmission and spread of infection by these microbes. blaCTX-M was the most prevalent ESBL gene followed by blaTEM and finally, blaSHV, while the blaOXA gene was not detected in any of the isolated bacteria.

Keywords: Hospitalized, non hospitalized, ESBL ,fecal.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Potential Antimicrobial Activity of Cola acuminata Extracts against Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans

*C. I. Mboto1 and P. Udoh2

*1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Calabar, Calabar-CRS, Nigeria.
2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Uyo-AKS, Nigeria.

Accepted 08 May, 2015

Ethanolic extract of the seed of Cola acuminata was evaluated for its antimicrobial and antifungal activities as compared to standard anti-microbial agents using Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans following standard microbiological procedures. Phytochemical screening of the seed extracts reveals abundance presence of Tannins, Cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and Phlobatanins and moderate presence of Alkaloids with a total absence of Saponins. At 25mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 400mg/ml concentrations of the extract used, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were susceptible to all except the later which was resistant to 25mg/ml concentration. Proteus mirabilis was resistant to all concentrations of the extract employed. Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to vancomycin (30µg) yielding 18mm zone of inhibition as compared to the seed extract (20mm). Proteus mirabilis was susceptible to 10µg of Gentamycin (16mm), while Candida albicans was susceptible to Clotrimazole (50µg) yielding 17 mm zone of inhibition as compared to the seed extract (20mm). The Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract was 50mg/ml and 25mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans respectively. This study shows that ethanolic extract of Cola acuminata is a superior antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, but not for Proteus mirabilis as compared to the drugs evaluated.

Keywords: Cola acuminata, antimicrobial, antifungal, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans.
 

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Process Optimization for Bioethanol Production Using Jerusalem Artichoke Powder and Fresh Tubers

S. Favale1, G.Ciolfi1, S. Moretti1*

1Consiglio per la Ricerca e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura – Unità di ricerca per le produzioni enologiche dell’Italia centrale, Velletri (RM) Italy

Accepted 17 January, 2015
    
A process for ethanol production from sugars released from inulin by hydrolysis was developed with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The impact of different microorganisms and pH correction on the ethanol fermentation performance was studied. We have shown that a part of the potential inulin of the tuber of Jerusalem artichoke can be fermented without acidic or enzymatic pretreatment prior to fermentation, but this process turns out to be long and uncertain. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to efficiently ferment the inulin-containing carbohydrates in Jerusalem artichoke after acidic hydrolysis of inulin at a pH 3.0 at 120° C for 15 minutes. This procedure turns out to be optimal for yield of alcohol and speed of fermentation. The conversion efficiency of inulin-type sugars to ethanol was 99% of the theoretical ethanol yield.

Keywords: Bioethanol, Inulin, Jerusalem artichoke, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Fermentation
 

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-004, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Astrovirus Infection Prevalence Among Children in Nasarawa State, Nigeria 

F.A. Kuta, D. Damisa, N.U. Adabara and R. Abdulsalam

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State.

Accepted 14 July, 2014

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of astrovirus involved in gastroenteritis among children in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 144 stool samples were collected from diarrheic children in two major hospitals in the state. The stool samples were screened for possible detection of astroviruses, using Enzyme Linked Immunosor-bent assay. Twenty three (23) were found positive, representing 16%. Male children had higher prevalence compared to their female counterpart. Children within the age group 0 – 1 year recorded higher 8.30% prevalence compared to other age groups. It was observed that children that drink water from well had more prevalence than those that drink water from other sources. Chi square test revealed no significant relationship between sex, age, water sources and the rate of infection. More awareness on the route of transmission should be intensified.

Keywords: Astrovirus, Infection in Children.
 

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 14 (3), pp. 001-009, March, 2025. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of clostridium difficile among cases of antibiotics associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients in an Egyptian hospital

Nada N. Nawar M.D., Mona M. A. Haleim M.D., Rasha H. El Shereif M.D., Amira F.A. Hussein

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.

Accepted 09 January, 2025

Abstract

Background and aim of the work: Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea is an important nosocomial infection that occurs predominantly after hospitalization and administration of broad spectrum antibiotics. In this work we aimed to determine the prevalence of toxigenic C. difficle among cases of AAD in Cairo university hospitals in Egypt using specific Polymerase Chain Reaction protocols. Patients and methods: Stool samples were collected from 100 adult cases (19-59 years old) admitted in wards and ICUs of Cairo- University hospitals in Egypt, clinically suffering from AAD and twenty healthy individuals as a control group and subjected to direct microscopy examination, culture on blood agar media and chromognic culture media for C. difficile and finally molecular detection of C. difficile DNA using multiplex Polymerase chain Reaction of triose phosphate isomerase gene tpi, tcdA and tcdB genes which code for toxin A as an enterotoxin and toxin B as a cytotoxin respectively and cdtA and cdtB as an enzymatic and binding component respectively of binary toxin. Results: Two out of 100 cases were positive for the ctdB gene (toxin B) and tpi gene and one of the two positive cases was also positive for cdtA and cdtB (binary toxin). No cases were positive for tcdA toxin A. Regarding control group no samples were positive for any of the tested genes. Conclusion: This study confirms the accuracy and reliability of PCR methodology in the detection of toxigenic C. difficile, offering combined species identification and toxigenic type characterization, and suggests that C. difficile is responsible for a small, but underappreciated, proportion of antibiotic associated diarrheal cases in our country, and further study on a large scale is warranted in this area.

Keywords: C. difficile ; DNA isolation; Molecular diagnosis; Health care acquired infection.