International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (8), pp. 001-009, August, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

General wellbeing, genomics and biopolitics - human security versus securing "exemption"

Rani Tata Johar

Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 03 April, 2019

Abstract

‘Biopower’ has been the building block to address human beings as global mass with liberal government practices. The sovereign power continuously categorizes the population between ‘political life’ and the ‘other’ mute bearers of ‘bare life’. To ensure human security to all, threats to human security have been broadened beyond the realm of military security. Equitable health and development, therefore, should constitute a central goal of human security. Global health has always been economic opportunity and security -sensitive to United States .Genomics can explain the complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors in health and disease .The post-genome biology have been characterized by higher stakes, lower threshold and proven capabilities. If the dual-use Genomics is left without vigil and intervention by global governance since its very take-off, it may usher in an era of catastrophe, much more disastrous than that of genetic engineering. The cause of ‘war against terror’ has transformed biomedical research into a subset of weapons development. The military -industrial elites have been so powerful that opportunities for a counter veiling power has been precluded. The intrinsic nature of knowledge and its ever extending horizons have engendered the planetary arena.

Key words: Genomics, public health, human security, biopower, rule of exception.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Learning administration for plant biosecurity in South Asia

Rani Tata Johar

Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 10 April, 2019

Abstract

Knowledge management promotes an integrated approach to identify, capture, evaluate, retrieve and share information assets for enhanced knowledge processing. Agriculture forms the backbone of rural livelihoods and national economy in South Asia. The food security which largely depends on plant biosecurity in South Asian countries is challenged by devastations in agricultural crops caused by diseases and pests and the problem is further aggravated by the dearth of resources devoted to their management. The geographical location, climatic suitability and the diverse agricultural scenario predisposes the South Asian region to new/emerging native pests and diseases many of which have a potential to establish and cause serious economic losses. The region, with its high population and increasing trade, thus requires a proper knowledge management in biosecurity encompassing available information and programmes on regulatory, technical and infrastructural parameters at one platform. The knowledge management in plant biosecurity will help in collating and harnessing information for timely and accurate diagnosis of the pest and will be an indispensable tool for developing and implementing an early warning system and a rapid response strategy in case epidemics break out. Also, it will contribute to collate and harness the information on pests and will facilitate capturing the market for export. The South Asia countries need to come on one platform to strategize collectively in this aspect to harness the natural and knowledge resources in the region to ensure an effective plant biosecurity in the region. For this, the countries/organizations need to align their strategies with the knowledge base of the country by keeping pace with technology and using regional bodies as a platform to achieve the objectives.

Key words: Knowledge management, food security, biosecurity.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (7), pp. 001-009, July, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Formative changes in intestinal brush border chemical action in wild, adolescent Nile roost Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Milton Kiprotich Patel

Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda. Email: [email protected]

Accepted 20 January, 2019

Abstract

The Nile perch, Lates niloticus is a carnivorous fish and a potential candidate for aquaculture. The relationship between fish size (total length) and the activity of three brush border enzymes: leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) and maltase was evaluated in six size groups (1 to 5, 6 to 10, 11 to 15, 16 to 20, 21 to 25 and 26 to 30 cm) of wild juvenile Nile perch. Enzymatic activity was evaluated in three intestinal sections: pyloric caeca, upper intestine and lower intestine. All the three enzymes were influenced by the fish size, intestinal section, and the interaction between the two factors (p< 0.05). The highest specific activity of LAP and maltase was observed in the upper intestine while that of γ-GT was highest in the lower intestine. The specific enzyme activities were significantly higher (p< 0.05) in the 11 to 15 cm and 16 to 20 cm size groups in all the tested enzymes. The results reveal that, the most critical stage in the nutrition of juvenile Nile perch occurs when the fish attains a total length of 11 to 20 cm. Dietary formulations for this species should hence be in cooperate substantive amount of proteins and carbohydrates at this stage so as to maximize weight gain. The presence of maltase is an indicator that carbohydrates cannot be precluded from formulated diets for this species.

Key words: Nile Perch, enzyme activity, aquaculture, brush border.

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology ISSN 2169-3048 Vol. 8 (7), pp. 001-009, July, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Review and clinical investigations of Marek's infection in Zaria, Nigeria

*Atahiru Ahmed, Yar'adua B. Jega and Ansari Mohammed

Department of Veterinary Surgery and Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Accepted 05 January, 2019

Abstract

A ten year retrospective study (2000-2009) of Marek’s disease (MD) was conducted in the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 3,039 different poultry diseases were recorded, MD represents 4.9%. 63% of MD was recorded in birds 10 to 20 weeks old, 9.3% in birds above 30 weeks and 2.0% in birds below ten weeks. MD occurred mainly during the pre-rainy to rainy seasons with a progressive yearly increase. Strong association existed between season and MD (p < 0.05), risk estimate was also relevant (OR-2.4). A clinical analysis of birds affected with MD over the years revealed uneven growth and progressive weight loss as major complaints; ruffled feathers and whitish-yellow diarrhea were the major observable signs. Major gross lesions were severe emaciation, thickened proventriculus and flabby heart with loss of coronary fats. Histopathology revealed focal to diffuse neoplastic lesions in the affected organs. MD mainly affected chickens aged 10 to 20 weeks. The disease is endemic and on the increase in Zaria and its environs. We recommend that an effective MD vaccination technique and schedule be established for this region, purchase of point of lay chickens for production should be discouraged and standard biosecurity measures must be enhanced in hatcheries and farms to prevent primary exposure.

Key words: Marek’s disease, occurrence, diagnosis, Zaria.