International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Volatile constituents and anti candida activity of the aerial parts essential oil of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter grown in Iran

Nasrin Aghel¹*, Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi² and Loobat Darvishi¹

¹Medicinal Plant Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapour Medical Sciences University, Ahwaz, Iran.

²Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Jundishapour Medical Sciences University, Ahwaz, Iran.

Accepted 30 May, 2017

Abstract

The aims of present study were to analysis of chemical compositions and evaluate anti-Candida activity of Dittrichia gravolence essential oil. The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil from aerial parts of D. graveolens (L.) Greuter were grown in Iran investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/ MS). The major components, among the identified 22, were 1,8 Cineol (54.89%), P-Cymen (16.2%), [beta]-pinene (6.94%) and Borneol (5.44%) . Anti-Candida activity of the volatile oil of the aerial parts of D. gravolence against different isolates of Candida albicans was studied in vitro. Anti-Candida activity was done using serial dilutions of volatile oil in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA). Agar well diffusion methods was used for detection minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC for 10 isolates of tested yeasts was 30.675 mg/ml.

Key words: Dittrichia graveolens, essential oil, 1,8 Cineol, Candida albicans.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antifungal, cytotoxic activities and docking studies of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives

Weerasak Samee¹* and Opa Vajragupta²

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University,

Nakhon-nayok, Thailand.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Accepted 20 September, 2017

Abstract

A series of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (compounds 1 to 10) were prepared by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and chloroheterocyclic compounds in methanol and in the presence of potassium carbonate (compounds 1 to 5 and 8) or metallic sodium (compounds 6, 7, 9 and 10) at room temperature. The cytotoxic activity was determined by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based assay and anti-candida activity was determined by resazurin microplate assay (REMA). Compounds 1 to 4, 8 and 9 showed in vitro cytotoxic activities against Vero cells (African green monkey kidney). Compounds 4 and 10 exhibited anti-candida activities against Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) with IC₅₀ values of 1.94 and 19.10 µg/ml, respectively. Docking studies on the catalytic site of cytochrome P450 14a-demethylase were used to identify the chemical structures in the molecule responsible for cytotoxic and anti-candida activities of the synthesized compounds.

Key words: 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol, docking, cytotoxicity, antifungal.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A systematic review of the adverse effects of tacrolimus in organ transplant patients

L. K. Teh¹, S. H. M. Dom¹, Z. A. Zakaria² and M. Z. Salleh¹*

¹Pharmacogenomics Centre (PROMISE), Level 6, FF3, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 15 April, 2017

Abstract

Tacrolimus has been the drug of choice for prevention of graft rejection following organ transplantations. This systematic review and meta-analysis [UiTM1] was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus in organ transplantation. Publication in English of randomized clinical trials, which used tacrolimus to prevent graft rejection in adult patients were included in this analysis. Articles were searched from PubMed, Science Direct, Blackwell and Ovid Gateway, which were published since 1980 to 2007. The outcomes measured were biopsy-proven acute rejection at three months; graft survival at one year; post-transplant diabetes mellitus; hypertension and neurotoxicity. Seven reports, which involved 2415 participants showed that tacrolimus was associated with reduced odds of biopsy-proven acute rejections three months of post-transplantation (pooled odds ratio of 0.69; 95% CI 0.49 to 0.96) and improved graft survival at one year (pooled odds ratio of 1.11 and 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 1.71). In terms of adverse effects, tacrolimus-treated patients were significantly at high odds of developing post-transplant diabetes mellitus (pooled odds ratio of 1.90; 95% CI 1.09 to 3.30) and neurotoxicity (pooled odds ratio of 1.61; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.25) but reduced odds of developing hypertension (pooled odds ratio of 0.80; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.98). Low to moderate heterogeneity between trials existed for the incidences of biopsy-proven acute rejections, graft survival, post-transplant diabetes mellitus and incidence of hypertension; but the analysis showed a significant increment of neurotoxicity by tacrolimus.

Key words: Tacrolimus, neurotoxicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, efficacy.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (2), pp. 001-009, February, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Preventive effect of Rhododendron arboreum on cardiac markers, lipid peroxides and antioxidants in normal and isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats

Manjunatha P. Mudagal*, Sandip Karia and Divakar Goli

Department of Pharmacology, Acharya and B. M. Reddy College of Pharmacy, Soladevanahalli, Chikkabanavara Post, Bangalore- 560090, Karnataka, India.

Accepted 21 April, 2017

Abstract

This study was designed to investigate the preventive effect of ethanolic extract of Rhododendron arboretum (ERA) against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rat myocardium. Wister rats were pretreated with ERA (100, 250, 500 mg kg^-1) orally for 42 days and then intoxicated with isoproterenol (ISO, 150mg/kg body weight, s.c. for 2 days). MI induced in rats by subcutaneous injection of ISO-(150 mg/kg body weight) at interval of 24 h for 2 days showed significant elevation in serum cardiac marker enzymes like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) . Lipid peroxidative product like lipid hydroperoxidase was elevated in tissue and serum, decline in enzymatic antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic reduced glutathione antioxidants. Pretreatment with ERA to ISO-treated rats caused a significant protective effect. Administration of ERA in normal rats did not have any significant effect on cardiac markers, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels. The results of our study show that ERA possesses protective effect result from suppression of oxidative stress in ISO-induced myocardial infracted rats. Histopathological examination further confirmed the cardioprotective effect of ERA against ischemic insult.

Key words: Myocardial infarction, isoproterenol, antioxidants, Rhododendron arboreum, oxidative stress.