International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (6), pp. 001-010, June, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Characterization and monitoring of selected rhizobial strains isolated from tree legumes in Thailand

Monchai Manassila¹, Achara Nuntagij², Somsak Kotepong², Nantakorn Boonkerd¹, and Neung Teaumroong¹*

¹School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima 30000, Thailand..

²Soil Mocrobiology Research Group, Soil Science Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.

Accepted 26 May, 2021

Abstract

Tree legume rhizobia were isolated from five tree legumes; Acacia auriculaformis Cunn., A. mangium Willd., Milletia leucantha Kurz., Pterocarpus indicus Willd., and Xylia xylocarpa Taub. grown in Thailand. Forty four highly effective rhizobial strains were selected on the basis of nitrogenase activity, number of nodules and plant biomass. The selected strains were characterized in both terms of physiology and genetics. Most of the strains are slow grower and able to nodulate cowpea rather than soybean. In addition, IAA production could be detected only from few strains. When almost complete 16S rRNA sequences were analysed, the results indicated that most of the selected strains most likely belong to Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Bradyrhizobium sp. except strains AA67 and PT59 which most likely belong to B. japonicum. The nodule occupancy of selected strains in forest soil condition was investigated by using GUS reporter gene. The nodule occupancy is in the range of 63 - 100%. This suggests the appropriate strains should be produced as inoculum for further application in reforestation program-mes in Thailand.

Key words: Tree legume rhizobia, Acacia auriculaformis, Acacia mangium, Milletia leucantha, Pterocarpus indicus, Xylia xylocarpa.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (5), pp. 001-010, May, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Bacterial diversity in the intestinal tract of the fungus-cultivating termite Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt)

Lucy Mwende Mackenzie^{1, 2}, Anne Thairu Muigai¹, Ellie Onyango Osir², Wilber Lwande², Martin Keller³, Gerardo Toledo³ and Hamadi Iddi Boga¹*

¹Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.

²International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya.

³Diversa Corporation, 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.

Accepted 20 April, 2021

Abstract

Microorganisms in the intestinal tracts of termites play a crucial role in the nutritional physiology of termites. The bacterial diversity in the fungus-cultivating Macrotermes michaelseni was examined using both molecular and culture dependent methods. Total DNA was extracted from the gut of the termite and 16S rRNA genes were amplified using bacterial specific primers. Representatives from forty-one (41)   RFLP patterns from a total of one hundred and two (102) clones were sequenced. Most of the clones were affiliated with 3 main groups of the domain Bacteria: Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteriodes 73) , Proteobacteria (13), and the low G+C content Gram-positive bacteria (9). Two RFLPs related to planctomycetes, but deeper branching than known members of the phylum, were detected. In addition, 1 and 2 RFLPs represented the spirochetes and TM7-OP11 groups, respectively. In studies using culture dependent techniques, most of the isolates obtained belonged to the Gram-positive bacteria with a high G+C content. However, only one of the clones represented Gram-positive bacteria with High G+C content. These results show a high bacterial diversity in the intestinal microbiota of M. michaelseni, which continues to escape cultivation. As is the case in other termites many of the clones represent previously uncultured bacteria. The fact that most of the clones clustered with clones from Macrotermes gilvus provides further support for the hypothesis that microorganisms in intestinal tracts of termites have co-evolved with their hosts.

Key words: Fungus-cultivating termites, bacterial diversity, intestinal tract, 16S rRNA gene, RFLP.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-010, April, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physiological response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings to salinity stress

Gama, P. B. S.^2,3, Inanaga, S.¹, Tanaka, K.³ and Nakazawa, R.¹

¹ALRC, Plant Ecophysiology, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.

²Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, P. O. Box 126, Wad Medani, Sudan.

³Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.

Accepted 20 march, 2021

Abstract

The effect of salinity stress on five cultivars of common bean: Bassbeer, Beladi, Giza 3, HRS 516 and RO21 were evaluated on a sand/peat medium with different salinity levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) applied 3 weeks after germination for duration of 10 days. Salinity had adverse effects not only on the biomass yield and relative growth rate (RGR_t), but also on other morphological parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length and shoot/root weight ratio. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were adversely affected in all cultivars. Leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor varied significantly among cultivars and salt levels. The interaction between cultivars and salt levels for photosynthesis, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor was highly significant at day 10 of salt treatment. The Na uptake among the cultivars varied in the order: HRS 516 <RO21 <Giza 3 <Bassbeer <Beladi. This suggests that HRS 516 was most tolerant cultivar because it was the only cultivar with the highest survival rate and no symptoms of salt stress. RO21 was the most susceptible to salinity as it showed severe symptoms of salt stress and very low survival rate.

Key words: Salinity stress, Na⁺ ions, physiology, photosynthesis, water relations, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-007, February, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Review

A review on mechanism of plant geotropism: developing trend in research on pine root geotropism

Dexian He¹ and David B South²*

¹College of Agriculture, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Rd., Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China. ²School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5418, USA.

Accepted 2 January, 2021

Abstract

Despite the fundamental importance of gravity-driven growth response in plants, the mechanisms that result in root geotropism are poorly understood and the signaling pathways involved remain elusive. Therefore, we reviewed root gravisensing structures and theories (or propositions) explaining root growth geotropism in directions of genetics, physiology, biochemistry, and environmental influence. The available data show that the mechanism(s) of root geotropism and root-gravisensing sites depends on the plant species studied. Based upon such a review, key academic controversies on mechanism of root geotropism were pinpointed, and developing trend of research on root geotropism was addressed.

Key words: developing trend, hypothesis, mechanism, root geotropism.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Histophysiological and basal metabolic responses of albino rat, Rattus norvegicus (L) exposed to aqueous pepper extracts

Chukwu, L.O.

Aquatic Toxicology and Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 22 December, 2020

Abstract

The effect of oral ingestion of aqueous extracts of two species of pepper, Capsicum annum var fastigatum (Linn) and Capsicum frutescens var minima (Linn) on the basal metabolic rate and histophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract and liver of Rattus norvegicus (L) was investigated. Body weight data was recorded weekly during the period of investigation. The various species of pepper produced a decrease in basal metabolic rate as the concentrations of the extract increased. Gross and histopathological changes observed in the gastrointestinal tract and liver were demonstrated as cellular damage under light microscopy and weight loss. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Key Words: Histophysiology, metabolic rate, albino rat pepper extracts.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (5), pp. 001-005, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Glutathione S-transferase activity of erythrocyte genotypes HbAA, HbAS and HbSS in male volunteers administered with fansidar and quinine

P. C. Chikezie¹*, A. A. Uwakwe² and C. C. Monago²

¹Department of Biochemistry, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Biochemistry, University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Accepted 18 May, 2020

Abstract

In vivo investigations were carried out to ascertain the comparative levels of erythrocyte GST activity between non-malarious and malarious male subjects of HbAA, HbAS and HbSS erythrocyte genotypes, administered with fansidar and quinine. The incubation of human erythrocytes with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) resulted in almost quantitative conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to form S-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) glutathione, determination of GST activity was carried out at 0 h and after 3, 6 and 18 h, 2 antimalarial drugs (Fansidar and quinine) were administered to the volunteers. The control values of non-malarious and malarious individuals ranged between (3.27 to 12.50 iu/gHb) and (2.75 to 12.21 iu/gHb) respectively. Erythrocyte GST activity was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in P. falciparum infected red cells compared to normal ones, except parasitized male HbSS erythrocytes. Generally, the pattern of in vivo erythrocyte GST activity in the presence of the 2 antimalarial drugs showed 2 phase profile. The first stage showed decreasing levels of relative GST activity within approximate time range 6 h after the drugs were administered to the volunteers. The second phase showed recovery of erythrocyte GST activity (6 - 18 h approx.) from the inhibitory effects of the drugs.

Key words: Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, erythrocytes, fansidar, quinine, 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitroben-zene (CDNB).