International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 4 (2), pp. 065-066, February, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Case Report

Management of the left sided Gallbladder with abnormal cavity of cystic duct: A rare occurrence

Muhammad Samit¹,  Ahmad Akram¹ and Anurag Jalal²

¹Department of Anatomy, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Mandhana, Kanpur, India.

²Department of Surgery, M.M. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Mullana, (Distt - Ambala), Haryana, India.

Accepted 06 January, 2015

Abstract

Left sided gallbladders without situs inversus viscerum are a very rare occurrence with few cases reported in the literature. These gallbladders are situated between Segments III and IV or on Segment III to the left of the falciform ligament. Routine preoperative studies usually do not detect this anomaly and there is no difference in clinical presentation from normal situated gall bladders. Awareness of the unpredictable confluence of the cystic duct into the common bile duct and selective use of intraoperative cholangiography aid in the safe management of this unusual problem.

Key words: Left sided gallbladder, situs inversus, medioposition, sinistroposition

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 4 (1), pp. 060-064, January, 2015. © International Scholars Journals

Full length Research paper

The variable origin of dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and its clinical significance

Waseem Al Talalwah

King Abdullah International Medical Research Center / King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Hospital – NGHA, Saudi Arabia.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 18 August, 2014.

Abstract 

The dorsal branch of ulnar nerve is usually arising proximal to the wrist innervating the skin on the dorsal aspect of the medial 1½ digits. The present study clarifies significance of the variable origin of the dorsal branch in case of coexistent ulnar palsy and neuroma result in diverse clinical pictures. Taking the distance between the medial epicondyle and the pisiform and dividing it into thirds (proximal, middle, distal) the current study, based on the dissection of 76upper limbs, found that the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve hada variable origin in the forearm, arising in the proximal, middle and distalthirds in 3.9%, 17.2%, 78.9% of specimens respectively. With a variability of dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve, there is a variability of clinical presentation according to site of ulnar nerve injury occurring before or after its origin. As a result, the injury occurring before the origin dorsal branch of ulnar nerve may present withdermatome and myetom dysfunction while the injury occurring after the origin dorsal branch of ulnar nerve may present withdermatome dysfunction. Therefore, the study clarifies the significance of the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve origintoorthopaedicstodecrease iatrogenic injury.

Key words: Ulnar nerve, dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve origin, ulnar nerve palsy, arthroscopy, claw hand internal fixation of ulna, ulnar neuropathy, ulnar neuroma, ulnar auto-graft.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 3 (3), pp. 050-059, October, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Review Article

Toxic effects of formaldehyde on the nervous system

Hussein Abdu¹, Yamrot Kinfu² and Asrat Agalu^1*

¹Wollo University, college of medicine and health sciences, Dessie,  Ethiopia.

²Addis Ababa University, College of health sciences, school of medicine; department of anatomy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Email: [email protected]

Accepted 22 January, 2014

Abstract

Formaldehyde is a flammable, colourless gas with pungent odour and readily polymerized at ambient temperature. It is one of the major pollutants in indoor air. It is found in the environment as a result of natural processes and from man-made sources and it is widely used in industries and medical settings. Several symptoms might be manifested related to formaldehyde –exposure among which lethargy, decrease in motor activity, and loss of appetite is common. Formaldehyde resulted in minor headache to irreversible neurotoxicity and brain cancer. The neurotoxic effects produced by formaldehyde exposure are dependent on the concentration of formaldehyde and duration of exposure which is more pronounced in concentrated and increased duration of exposure. Acute exposure to low concentrations it leads to stimulation while in higher concentrations it acts as central nervous system depression. The formaldehyde exposure in adult and postnatal period results in an increase oxidant substances though it causes a decrease in the antioxidant enzymatic activity in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. It was indicated that formaldehyde induces several characteristics of neurotoxicity. Anatomists, histologists, pathologists, medical students, embalmers and members of industries utilizing formaldehyde is more exposed to formaldehyde gas. Therefore, it is recommended to use personal protective equipment, maintaining high room air exhaust rates and concentrations of formaldehyde in work places should be monitored by using standard measuring machines.

Key words: Toxicity, neurotoxic, formaldehyde, nervous system, concentration.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 3 (2), pp. 048-049, August, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Geometric assessment of facial beauty in female participating in beauty pageants of Nepal: Establishing a universal standard in Morphometry

*Koirala S, Bhattacharya S, Shah S

^{1, 2,3} Department of Human Anatomy, BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Nepal.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted May, 2014

Abstract 

A descriptive prospective study was carried with sample size of 100, female participants selected for final round by the panel of judges from various field in beauty pageants “Miss Purbhancal” in Dharan municipality, Sunsari district of Eastern Nepal in the year of 2011 and 2012. Anthropometric measurements were taken from standard anatomical landmarks and various facial geometric proportions were selected. Paired –t test was applied to see the significance between the measured value by using SPSS -11.5 version. The ratio of height of eye (EH) with total facial height (TFH), the ratio of chin length(CL) with  total height of face and  the ratio of width of  mouth  with the width of face was significant (p =0.00). Also the ratio of, width of eye (EW) with the facial width measured at eye was significant (p <0.005). The study concluded female faces are judged more attractive when the vertical distance between their eyes and the mouth.

 Key words: Morphometry, anthropometric measurements, facial geometrical proportion, facial width, chin length, total facial height.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 3 (1), pp. 042-047, January, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Deviation of the tunica media of aorta of goat from conventional structural concept: Case for including collagen

Julius A. Ogeng’o,  Adel K. Malek, Kevin W. Ongeti and Phillip M. Mwachaka   

Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi P.O. BOX 30197 – 00200, Nairobi, Kenya.

*Corresponding author. E -Mail: [email protected]

Accepted 13 September, 2013

Abstract

Knowledge of the structural organization of the aortic tunica media is important in understanding the physicomechanical properties and alterations which underpin aortic aging and pathologies such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms and aortitis. Recent studies have cast doubt on the exclusivity of the medial lamella unit and musculoelastic fascicle concepts of the aortic structure. The goat is a suitable model for studying cardiovascular disease. Therefore the structure of tunica media of its aorta was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Materials were obtained from 6 healthy adult male goats [age range 12 – 24 months]. Specimens from the mid thoracic aortic segment were fixed in 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde and processed for durcupan embedding and sectioning. Ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate, counterstained in lead citrate and examined by Philips 210 transmission electron microscope. Besides medial lamella units and musculoelastic fascicles in the tunica media, we observed longitudinal elastic lamellae, and cells surrounded by collagen bundles both of which were sandwiched by elastic lamellae. In some instances, cells were disposed between collagen bundles on one side, and elastic lamella on the other. These observations imply that the aortic tunica media is heterogeneous with a mosaic structure, rather than the uniform one conventionally known.

Key words: Aorta, tunica media, musculoelastic fascicles, collagen, elastic lamella.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 2 (1), pp. 036-041, November, 2013. © International Scholars Journals                         

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of visfatin on blood glucose and serum lipids in normal and streptozotocin induced diabetic Rats

Mohamad Yosof Rezk

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 08 October, 2013

Abstract

Visfatin is a novel adipokine showing altered plasma levels in different disorders, for example type-2 diabetes mellitus, obesity fetal growth retardation and gestational diabetes mellitus. We found that no study demonstrated the effect of visfatin on blood glucose and serum lipids in rats. Therefore, we investigated the effect of visfatin on blood glucose and serum lipids in rats. We found that visfatin produced an inhibitory effect on blood glucose level in a dose dependent manner and it caused further reduction in blood glucose level when combined with oral hypoglycemic drugs. We also found that visfatin produced a significant inhibitory effect on triglycerides, LDL and VLDL. These data are the first to show that visfatin can inhibit blood glucose in a dose dependent manner and the first to find an inhibitory effect on some serum lipids.

Key words: Visfatin, glucose, diabetic rats, oral hypoglycemic, obesity, adipose tissue.