ISSN 2326-7275
Short Communication
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (9), pp. 001-003, September, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
An ethnobotanical survey of herbal male contraceptives used in south-west Nigeria
Iyabo Mobolawa Adebisi1 and Shaibu Oricha Bello2*
1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
Accepted 16 February, 2016
Abstract
This survey was carried out in targeted areas of south-western Nigeria to ascertain the patronage of traditional healers for non orthodox contraceptives by males and to take an inventory of plants used for such purposes. Males in south-western Nigeria rarely but do consult traditional healers for herbal contraceptives. The common methods of application include oral decoction, dried powder applied to skin incisions and as rings soaked in herbs and worn on the fingers. The plants Aframonium melegueta and Carica papaya were the most widely used herbs as male contraceptives.
Key words: Herbal, ethnobotanical, male contraceptives, survey, Nigeria.
Shaibu Oricha Bello*, Iyabo Mobolawa Adebisi
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Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (9), pp. 001-008, September, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antibacterial and cytotoxic activity from basidiocarp extracts of the edible mushroom Lactarius indigo (Schw.) Fr. (Russulaceae)
Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa1, Ma. Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas2, Virginia A. Robinson-Fuentes2 and Gerardo Vázquez-Marrufo1*
1Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia.
2División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas y Biológicas “Dr. Ignacio Chávez”, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
Accepted 18 February, 2016
Abstract
Aqueous and organic basidiocarp extracts of the edible mushroom Lactarius indigo were evaluated for their antibacterial and cytotoxic effects. 10, 20 and 30 mg of organic extracts were tested against diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains (EIEC, EPEC, ETEC-LT and ETEC-ST), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica. 10 mg of hexane extract showed activity against ETEC-LT (18.8 mm zone of inhibition) and P. aeruginosa (10.5 mm). All levels of the ethyl acetate extract inhibited all the strains, with stronger activity against EIEC (19.0 mm) and P. aeruginosa (21.0 mm) at 30 mg. Methanol extract inhibited all bacterial growth, but E. cloacae. 100 µg/ml of aqueous extract showed antiproliferative activity against MCF7 cells, but not on HeLa, A549 and normal bovine mammary epithelium cells. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited proliferation of HeLa cells (50 to 1000 ng/ml) but increased proliferation of A549 (100 ng/ml), as did methanol extract (500 ng/ml). Methanol extract did not inhibit normal rabbit serum fibroblast cells, while hexane and ethyl acetate extracts showed an inhibitory effect with 50 and 100 ng/ml, respectively, less than in proliferation of HeLa cells. These results show that L. indigo basidiocarps contain substances with antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.
Key words: Lactarius indigo extracts, antibacterial activity, cytotoxic activity.
Ma. Soledad Vázquez-Garcidueñas, Virginia A. Robinson-Fuentes and Gerardo Vázquez-Marrufo*, Alejandra Ochoa-Zarzosa
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Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (8), pp. 001-006, August, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Analysis of outpatient prescription indicators and trends in Chinese Jingzhou Area between September 1 and 10, 2006-2009
Zou Jun1*, Li Linyun1, Zhang Che2, Yan Yuanrong1, Gao Fengxi1 and Zhang Heng1
1Department of Pharmacy, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingzhou, 434020, Hubei Province, China.
2Department of Pharmacy, Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei Medical College, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei Province, China.
Accepted 14 February, 2016
Abstract
Analysis of outpatient prescription indicators and trends was done to investigate the effect of academic and administrative intervention. According to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the retrospective method was used. We sampled the daily prescriptions, computed the daily prescription indicator and compared the mean of ten days. We sampled 1180 from 36581 prescriptions; and the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name (generic name percent) was 69.2%, percentage of prescriptions with an antibiotic prescribed (antibiotic percent) was 39.15%, percentage of prescriptions with an injection prescribed (injection percent) was 22.63%, average number of drug per prescription (drug number) was 2.04, and the average drug cost per prescription (drug cost) was ￥124.30 ($18.24). By comparing the prescribing trends, the drug cost and generic name percent increased yearly. Though other indicators had no statistical significance, they had a decreasing trend. Academic and administrative interventions have already been made by Chinese medical management, and it seen that some prescribing indicators are higher in other countries, but the prescribing trends are becoming more and more rational.
Key words: Pharmacoepidemiology, hospital pharmacy, prescription, rational use of drugs, antibiotic percent, injection percent.
Li Linyun, Yan Yuanrong, Gao Fengxi and Zhang Heng, Zou Jun*, Zhang Che
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Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Maternal age as a risk factor for pregnancy outcomes: Maternal, fetal and neonatal complication
Azar Aghamohammadi1* and Maryam Nooritajer2
1Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch-Iran.
2Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr Branch-Iran.
Accepted 18 February, 2016
Abstract
It has been widely documented that maternal age in pregnancy is increasing in the world. Nowadays, many women delay their pregnancy even up to the 40th year of their life because of different reasons, such as occupational, educational and economical. Therefore, complete awareness of pregnancy outcomes in these ages for the midwives and gynecologists is needed to protect the health of the mother and infant. This research, which is a descriptive comparative study, is performed to compare the pregnancy outcomes of women aged over 35 years. The inputs contained 1021 pregnant women, and their pregnancy outcomes were compared in 4 groups of primiparous and multiparous women over and below the age of 35. To analyze the inputs using SPSS software, the χ2 test, Fisher, and Odss-ratio were used. In primiparous women, there is a statistically significant relation between the age of over 35 and preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm labor, malpresentation, cesarean and low birth weight, while in multiparous women, there is a significant relation between the age of over 35 and preeclampsia and low birth weight. In the women of over 35 years old, parity is effective on the measure of preeclampsia and cesarean delivery, only. However, the mother`s high age can be an independent factor for pregnancy outcomes, in that the primiparous women are exposed to more effectivity of age. It is a fact that the aged women can have a natural pregnancy with a term infant; as such, over-age must not be a contraindication for pregnancy.
Key words: Primiparous, multiparous, pregnancy outcomes.
Maryam Nooritajer, Azar Aghamohammadi*
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (6), pp. 001-005, June, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Clinical manifestation, effects, diagnosis, monitoring of carbon monoxide poisoning and toxicit
Kingston Rajiah1* and Elizabeth Mampally Mathew2
1International Medical University, No. 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
2Mallige College of Pharmacy, No 71, Silvepura, Bangalore, 560090 Karnataka, India.
Accepted 07 January, 2016
Abstract
Carbon monoxide is a product of incomplete combustion of organic matter with insufficient oxygen supply to enable complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2) and is often produced in domestic or industrial settings. In this study the clinical manifestation, effects, diagnosis and toxicity of carbon monoxide poisoning were reviewed. Research suggests that the intracellular uptake of carbon monoxide is an important mechanism for neurologic damage. As a result upon the review of many articles and research journals, it is identified that carbon monoxide may be quantitated in blood using spectrophotometric methods or chromatographic techniques in order to confirm the diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized victims or to assist in the forensic investigation of a case of fatal exposure. A brain computed tomography (CT) scan may be normal in early stages or show signs of cerebral edema. Public education on the safe operation of appliances, heaters, fireplaces and internal combustion engines is required for prevention of CO poisoning. Carbon monoxide detectors with alarms can improve home safety and their use is recommended by various safety organizations.
Key words: Carbon monoxide, toxicity, hemoglobin.
Elizabeth Mampally Mathew, Kingston Rajiah*
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Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 5 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2016. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antitumor, cytotoxic and antioxidant potential of ASTER THOMSONII extracts
G. Bibi1, Ihsan-ul-Haq1, N. Ullah1, A. Mannan1, 2* and B. Mirza1
1Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
Accepted 9 February, 2016
Abstract
The present investigation deals with biological evaluation of ASTER THOMSONII. For this purpose, different biological assays of crude methanolic extract (CME) and its fractions that is n-Hexane fraction (NHF) and aqueous fraction (AQF) were carried out. The results of AQF showed maximum brine shrimp cytotoxic activity with ED50 values of 154.69 µg/ml, while the NHF showed significant potato disc antitumor activity with IC50 values of 9.55 µg/ml. Evaluation of both NHF and AQF fractions for sulforhodamine B assay on human cell line HT144 showed IC50 values of 1.10 and 2.82 mg/ml, respectively. While the IC50 of CME and AQF fractions against human cell line H157 were 0.056 and 0.005 mg/ml, respectively. Antioxidant analysis of AQF determined the IC50 values of 31.98 µg/ml. DNA protection assay results of all plant extracts were also appreciating for further investigations but the extracts and their fractions did not show antibacterial activity.
Key words: Aster thomsonii, brine shrimp toxicity assay, antitumor assay, sulforhodamine-B assay, antioxidant assay, DNA protection assay.
Ihsan-ul-Haq , N. Ullah, G. Bibi, A. Mannan* and B. Mirza
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