International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 11 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Allelopathic potential of sunflower (HELIANTHUS  ANNUS L.) on soil metals and its leaves extracts on physiology of wheat (TRITICUM  AESTIVUM  L.) seedlings.

Javed Kamal* and Asghari Bano

Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Accepted 9 January, 2022

Abstract

The effect of a sunflower (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) variety, namely Hysun 38, on metals and of aqueous extracts of its leaves on germination in two varieties of wheat, namely Margalla 99 and Chakwall 97, were studied under laboratory conditions. In particular, the effect of leaf extract on hormones produced by wheat seedlings and on electrical conductivity, pH, Mn, Ca, K, P, and soil moisture content was examined. The leaf extract significantly inhibited the rate of germination and growth of seedlings.

Key words: Allelopathy, atomic absorption, HPLC, hormones analysis (IAA, GA, ABA), sunflower, soil analysis, wheat seedlings.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (12), pp. 001-005, December, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of mycorrhizal inoculum and urea fertilizer on diseases development and yield of groundnut crops (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Ambang Zachée*, Ndongo Bekolo, Bime, Ngoh Dooh, Maho Yalen and Ntsomboh Godswill

Department of plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Accepted 11 November, 2021

Abstract

Diseases (rosette virus disease (RVD), Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) and poverty of soils in nutrients are the main causes of groundnut losses (>60%). Among the methods applied in disease management, the biological method is identified as a priority in crop protection research programs. This study was carried out during the 2001 growing season in Yaoundé, Cameroon. The aim was to characterize the development of RVD and CLS on A-26 groundnut variety and also to evaluate yield after mycorrhizal inoculation. A randomized block design with four replicates was used, with two applications of mycorrhizal inoculum. The inoculum contained spores of Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp. in concentration of 2.10³ spores.g^-¹. A urea treatment and an absolute control were also used. The number of nodules per plant, the root colonization rate (RCR), disease severity and yield were assessed. Results show that RCR was very low in control and urea plots compared to mycorrhizal inoculated plots. Mycorrhizal applications reduced disease infection up to 38.8 and 54.4% respectively, for RVD and CLS. However, plants issued from urea treatment were more stressed and infected. A higher number of nodules (459.1) were recorded on roots of mycorrhizal inoculated plants compared to control and urea treatments which were 218.8 and 237.5 nodules per plant. Mycorrhization of groundnut plants led to a yield increased of up to 628% for dry pods of healthy plants compared to uninoculated plants in control samples. No yield was recorded on infected plants from control and urea treatments, whereas plants infected by RVD and inoculated with mycorrhiza yielded 177.2 Kg.ha^-1 of dry pods. The mains results of this study show that mycorrhizal symbiosis with groundnut roots increased the resistance of plants to RVD and CLS, and positively influenced the physiology of groundnut plants infected by RVD.

Key words: Arachis hypogaea, mycorrhization, disease development, biological control, yield increase.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (11), pp. 001-009, November, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Changes in the serum profiles of lipids and cholesterol in sheep experimental model of acute African trypanosomosis

Sani Adamu¹*, Abiodun A. Ige¹, Isa D. Jatau², Joel S. Neils³, Nicodemus M. Useh¹, Mohammed Bisalla¹, Najume D.G. Ibrahim¹, Andrew J. Nok⁴ and King A. N. Esievo¹

¹Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

²Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

³Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.

Accepted 2October, 2021

Abstract

In an effort to further elucidate the possible effect of trypanosome infection on serum levels of some lipids and cholesterol, five sheep (the infected group) were each intravenously inoculated with 2 ml of blood containing 1 x 10⁶ Trypanosoma congolense organisms. Another five uninfected sheep served as control group. Blood samples were collected from all the animals every other day from the day of infection (day 0) up to the termination of the experiment. The samples were used for haematological and parasitological analyses and determination of serum concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol). All animals in the infected group showed parasitaemia by day 11 post-infection (PI) and the infection caused a gradual decline in the values of packed cell volume (PCV) and those of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Values of all these parameters in the control group remained fairly normal, relative to the pre-infection ones on day 0, throughout the experimental period. The PI mean values of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, measured in mmol/l, in the infected group were 3.44 ± 0.71, 1.62 ± 0.40, 0.78 ± 0.20 and 1.92 ± 0.40, respectively, while those in the control group were 4.32 ± 0.18, 2.24 ± 0.11, 1.15 ± 0.10 and 2.26 ± 0.30, respectively. The differences between the PI mean values in the two groups of animals were significant (P<0.05). T. congolense utilization of the molecules could, among other factors, be the cause of the reduced serum levels of these parameters and this could be a contributory factor in the pathophysiology of some of the disorders observed in trypanosome-infected animals.

Key words: Trypanosomosis, sheep, cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein.

nternational Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Studies on the diversity, abundance and succession of hydrocarbon utilizing micro organisms in tropical soil polluted with oily sludge

Gerard Nkwelang^1*, Henri F L Kamga ², George E Nkeng ^3,4 and  S P Antai⁵

¹Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Buea, B.P. 63, Buea, Cameroon.

²Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, BP 63 Buea, Cameroon.

³Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, BP 63 Buea, Cameroon.

⁴ENSTP, BP 510, Yaounde, Cameroon.

⁵Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.

Accepted 29 August, 2021

Abstract

A research was carried out in a tropical region to study the population of hydrocarbon utilizers in soil polluted with oily sludge. Plots were prepared to receive treatments with neat and emulsified oily sludge. These plots were further treated with fertilizer and bioaugmented with a consortium of hydrocarbon utilizers for six months. Results obtained indicated that, the presence of oily sludge in soil caused the growth of diverse genera of oil degraders. The major genera of bacteria active in polluted soil were Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acinetobacter, while fungal general were Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor. Abundant microbial growth was observed during the first 60 days. Some organisms such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Penicillium, and Aspergillus were present in polluted soil throughout the experimental period, while others including Candida, Sporobolomyces and Rhizopus were found only during the first two months. Further analysis revealed that, succession of the hydrocarbon utilizers in polluted soil was subject to seasonal variations and depended primarily on the fraction of the oil being utilized at a specific time and also on the physiology of the micro organisms involved. In addition, the selective appearance and succession of hydrocarbon utilizers in the polluted soil were affected only by the presence of neat and emulsified oil in soil as compare to other treatment parameters. The practical implication of these findings suggests that reloading of oil in some treated plots could be carried out after the first 90 days. Molecular techniques are underway to provide a more comprehensive study on this successional trend.

Key words: Microbial succession and diversity, oily sludge, bioremediation, hydrocarbon utilizers.

nternational Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (8), pp. 001-011, August, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of plant hormones and 20-hydroxyecdysone on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) seed germination and seedlings growth

Ahmed Bakrim, Mostapha Lamhamdi, Fouad Sayah and Fatiha Chibi*

Pôle d’excellence Régional- Centre des Etudes Environnementales Méditerranéennes. Laboratoire de Biologie Appliquée et Sciences de l’Environnement. Université Abdelmalek Essaadi. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. BP :416.

Tanger. Maroc.

Accepted 8 July, 2021

Abstract

20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is the major phytoecdysteroid of about 6% of plants. Its role in plant physiology has not been fully elucidated. In this work we studied the effects of 20E application on some morphological and biochemical parameters of tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum , seed during germination and seedling development (5 d). We compared the 20E effects with the action of phytohormones: gibberellic acid (GA₃), naftalen acetic acid (NAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP). NAA treatment resulted in marked reduction in shoot length. GA₃ treatment promoted maximal shoot elongation. BAP affected negatively shoot length only at late stages, while 20E application stimulated shoot elongation at early stages and reduced it on the fifth day; NAA inhibited root elongation all along the test period. GA₃ treatment had no effect on root length, whereas BAP showed strong inhibition on root elongation. On the other hand, 20E showed a weak inhibition of root elongation on the fifth day. As compared to control and to other treatments, NAA and 20E provoked a drastic decrease in protein contents during seedling growth, whereas a high increase was observed under BAP treatment. Electrophoresis revealed that protein bands were not degraded and mobilized after NAA treatment while in control or after 20E and others phytohormones applications, protein patters displayed weak band intensities and some of them were not detected. NAA, GA₃ and BAP provoked a decrease in proline content during seedlings, while the effect of 20E on proline levels varied during germination and plantlet development. This work showed that 20E like phytohormones fulfil some bioactive actions during germination and seedlings growth in tomato.

Key words: Benzyl amino purine, gibberellic acid, 20- hydroxyecdysone, germination, Lycopersicum esculentum seeds, naftalen acetic acid, proline, protein pattern.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Sex steroid induced changes on the morphology of prostate of sprague-dawley rats

Olamide A. Adesanya^1*, Kayode A. Oluyemi¹, Nervey W. Dare², Lukeman A.J. Shittu³, Olusoji A. Oyesola⁴ and Abayomi O. Okanlawon⁵

¹Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Anatomy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

³Department of Anatomy, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State

⁵Department of Anatomy, Lagos University College of Medicine, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.

Accepted 2 July, 2021

Abstract

The effects of combined administration of ethinylestradiol (E) and testosterone (T) were studied in castrated Sprague-Dawley rats. The hormones E and T were administered three times weekly on alternate days, subcutaneously in the inguinal region for 4 weeks, 30 days after castration. E- treated animals received injections of 3 g/kg body weight (B.W), T- treated animals received 30 mg/kg B.W., combined testosterone and ethinylestradiol (T & E) - treated animals received injections of 30 mg/kg B.W. of T and 2 g/kg B.W. of E. Control animals - were in two groups, castrated and intact both received injections of 5 ml/kg B.W. of normal saline. i) The T-treated prostate weight was significantly higher than in castrated control (P<0.05). (ii) The E- alone treated prostate weight was not significantly different from castrated control (P b0.05). iii) The combined T and E-treated prostate weight was significantly higher than in castrated control (P<0.05). Morphological findings: in the combined T and E-treated, the amount of connective tissue was well marked, there was an increase in the thickness of the epithelium and the size of the oval acini, relative to T-alone treated or the intact control. E-alone did not elicit any appreciable effect on the prostate, different from the castrated control. This finding demonstrates a synergistic effect of E on the prostate when administered along with T and also suggests that E may be involved in the pathophysiology of the abnormal enlargement of prostate gland.

Key words: Prostate, castration, testosterone, ethinylestradiol, histology