International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-007, June, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Cardiovascular drug adverse reactions in hospitalized patients in cardiac care unit

Iman Karimzadeh¹, Soha Namazi², Gloria Shalviri³ and Kheirollah Gholami¹*

¹Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

²Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

³Iranian Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Center, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 18 January, 2018

Abstract

The aim of the present survey was to evaluate different aspects of cardiovascular drug adverse reactions in a cardiac care unit (CCU). All patients admitted to CCU during a 16 months period were recruited into this study. Detection of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was based on daily chart review and face to face interview with patients. Causality assessment was performed by the World Health Organization (WHO) probability criteria. Seriousness of ADRs was determined by WHO definition. Schumock and Thornton scale was applied to assess preventability of ADRs. Statistical analysis was performed. Among 740 cardiovascular patients admitted to CCU, 70 ADRs were recorded from 44 patients. Headache (15.71%) was the most frequent ADR. The highest ADR rates were attributed to digoxin (44.29%) and atenolol (12.86%). Fifty five (78.57%) of ADRs were serious. The rate of preventable ADRs was 62.86%. Regarding outcome, one (1.43%) ADR led to death. Multivariate logistic regression showed that length of CCU stay (OR = 1.09, 95%CI = 1.02-1.17) and non-ischemic heart diseases (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.57-6.78) were risk factors for ADR occurrence. Cardiovascular drugs could develop fatal adverse reactions in CCU patients. Primary admission diagnosis and duration of CCU stay were risk factors for ADR development.

Key words: Adverse drug reaction, cardiovascular drugs, cardiac care unit patients.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antimicrobial activities of phenolic containing extracts of some tropical vegetables

S. O. Salawu^1,2*, A. O. Ogundare³, B. B. Ola-Salawu⁴ and A. A. Akindahunsi¹

¹Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

³Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Biology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 704, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.

Accepted 19 October, 2017

Abstract

The present study sought to investigate the antimicrobial properties of phenolic containing extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (Va), Ocimum gratissimum (Og) and Manihot utilissima (Mu). Phenolic compound was characterized with the aid of a reversed phase HPLC/DAD/MS, and the antimicrobial activities of the extracts was assessed using agar-well diffusion method against some microorganisms, namely; Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aereus, Shigella spp, Enterobacter, Clostridium sporogenes, Bacillus subtilis and Proteus vulgaris. Ten, eight and four phenolic compounds were identified in Va, Og, and Mu respectively. The major phenolic compounds identified in Va were, Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, luteolin and 1,5 dicaffeoyl quinic acid; nevadensin, vicenin-2, cichoric acid and rosmarinic acid in Og, while the major polyphenol in Mu were rutin and Kaempferol 3- O-rutinoside. The antimicrobial investigation showed that M. utilissima is active against only B. cereus of the entire tested organism. V. amygdalina is active against B. cereus, S. aereus and Shigella spp, while O. gratissimum is active against B. cereus, S. aereus and Shigella spp. The results obtained in the present investigation showed that the use of the vegetable materials as nutraceuticals may reduce the risk of microbial infections, which may partly be due to their phenolic composition.

Key words: Antimicrobial activity, phenolic compounds, Ocimum gratissimum, Manihot utilissimam, Vernonia amygdalina.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-010, May, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antioxidant effect of the Egyptian freshwater Procambarus clarkii extract in rat liver and erythrocytes

Sohair R. Fahmy* and Salwa A. H. Hamdi

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.

Accepted 13 May, 2017

Abstract

The present study aims to evaluate the curative activity of freshwater crustacean extract (FCE) from freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii and silymarin on oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) in rat liver and erythrocytes. The degree of treatment in this activity has been measured by using biochemical parameters such as serum aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total protein as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione reduced (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue and erytheocyte hemolysate. The FCE and silymarin produced significant antihepatotoxic effect by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes and MDA level, and increasing the serum total protein, GSH levels and the activities of GST and CAT in liver and erytheocyte hemolysate. From these results, it was suggested that FCE could ameliorate the liver and erythrocytes injuries perhaps, by its antioxidative effect, hence eliminating the deleterious effect of toxic metabolites from CCl₄.

Key words: Procambarus clarkii, freshwater shrimp, liver, CCl₄, erythrocytes, oxidative stress.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Volatile constituents and anti candida activity of the aerial parts essential oil of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter grown in Iran

Nasrin Aghel¹*, Ali Zarei Mahmoudabadi² and Loobat Darvishi¹

¹Medicinal Plant Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Jundishapour Medical Sciences University, Ahwaz, Iran.

²Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Jundishapour Medical Sciences University, Ahwaz, Iran.

Accepted 30 May, 2017

Abstract

The aims of present study were to analysis of chemical compositions and evaluate anti-Candida activity of Dittrichia gravolence essential oil. The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil from aerial parts of D. graveolens (L.) Greuter were grown in Iran investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/ MS). The major components, among the identified 22, were 1,8 Cineol (54.89%), P-Cymen (16.2%), [beta]-pinene (6.94%) and Borneol (5.44%) . Anti-Candida activity of the volatile oil of the aerial parts of D. gravolence against different isolates of Candida albicans was studied in vitro. Anti-Candida activity was done using serial dilutions of volatile oil in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA). Agar well diffusion methods was used for detection minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC for 10 isolates of tested yeasts was 30.675 mg/ml.

Key words: Dittrichia graveolens, essential oil, 1,8 Cineol, Candida albicans.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antifungal, cytotoxic activities and docking studies of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives

Weerasak Samee¹* and Opa Vajragupta²

¹Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University,

Nakhon-nayok, Thailand.

²Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Accepted 20 September, 2017

Abstract

A series of 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives (compounds 1 to 10) were prepared by nucleophilic substitution reaction between 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole and chloroheterocyclic compounds in methanol and in the presence of potassium carbonate (compounds 1 to 5 and 8) or metallic sodium (compounds 6, 7, 9 and 10) at room temperature. The cytotoxic activity was determined by green fluorescent protein (GFP)-based assay and anti-candida activity was determined by resazurin microplate assay (REMA). Compounds 1 to 4, 8 and 9 showed in vitro cytotoxic activities against Vero cells (African green monkey kidney). Compounds 4 and 10 exhibited anti-candida activities against Candida albicans (ATCC 90028) with IC₅₀ values of 1.94 and 19.10 µg/ml, respectively. Docking studies on the catalytic site of cytochrome P450 14a-demethylase were used to identify the chemical structures in the molecule responsible for cytotoxic and anti-candida activities of the synthesized compounds.

Key words: 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazol, docking, cytotoxicity, antifungal.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 7 (3), pp. 001-008, March, 2018. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A systematic review of the adverse effects of tacrolimus in organ transplant patients

L. K. Teh¹, S. H. M. Dom¹, Z. A. Zakaria² and M. Z. Salleh¹*

¹Pharmacogenomics Centre (PROMISE), Level 6, FF3, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 15 April, 2017

Abstract

Tacrolimus has been the drug of choice for prevention of graft rejection following organ transplantations. This systematic review and meta-analysis [UiTM1] was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tacrolimus in organ transplantation. Publication in English of randomized clinical trials, which used tacrolimus to prevent graft rejection in adult patients were included in this analysis. Articles were searched from PubMed, Science Direct, Blackwell and Ovid Gateway, which were published since 1980 to 2007. The outcomes measured were biopsy-proven acute rejection at three months; graft survival at one year; post-transplant diabetes mellitus; hypertension and neurotoxicity. Seven reports, which involved 2415 participants showed that tacrolimus was associated with reduced odds of biopsy-proven acute rejections three months of post-transplantation (pooled odds ratio of 0.69; 95% CI 0.49 to 0.96) and improved graft survival at one year (pooled odds ratio of 1.11 and 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 1.71). In terms of adverse effects, tacrolimus-treated patients were significantly at high odds of developing post-transplant diabetes mellitus (pooled odds ratio of 1.90; 95% CI 1.09 to 3.30) and neurotoxicity (pooled odds ratio of 1.61; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.25) but reduced odds of developing hypertension (pooled odds ratio of 0.80; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.98). Low to moderate heterogeneity between trials existed for the incidences of biopsy-proven acute rejections, graft survival, post-transplant diabetes mellitus and incidence of hypertension; but the analysis showed a significant increment of neurotoxicity by tacrolimus.

Key words: Tacrolimus, neurotoxicity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, efficacy.