International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

nternational Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Studies on the diversity, abundance and succession of hydrocarbon utilizing micro organisms in tropical soil polluted with oily sludge

Gerard Nkwelang^1*, Henri F L Kamga ², George E Nkeng ^3,4 and  S P Antai⁵

¹Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Buea, B.P. 63, Buea, Cameroon.

²Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Buea, BP 63 Buea, Cameroon.

³Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Buea, BP 63 Buea, Cameroon.

⁴ENSTP, BP 510, Yaounde, Cameroon.

⁵Faculty of Science, Department of Microbiology, University of Calabar, P.M.B 1115, Calabar, Nigeria.

Accepted 29 August, 2021

Abstract

A research was carried out in a tropical region to study the population of hydrocarbon utilizers in soil polluted with oily sludge. Plots were prepared to receive treatments with neat and emulsified oily sludge. These plots were further treated with fertilizer and bioaugmented with a consortium of hydrocarbon utilizers for six months. Results obtained indicated that, the presence of oily sludge in soil caused the growth of diverse genera of oil degraders. The major genera of bacteria active in polluted soil were Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Acinetobacter, while fungal general were Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor. Abundant microbial growth was observed during the first 60 days. Some organisms such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Penicillium, and Aspergillus were present in polluted soil throughout the experimental period, while others including Candida, Sporobolomyces and Rhizopus were found only during the first two months. Further analysis revealed that, succession of the hydrocarbon utilizers in polluted soil was subject to seasonal variations and depended primarily on the fraction of the oil being utilized at a specific time and also on the physiology of the micro organisms involved. In addition, the selective appearance and succession of hydrocarbon utilizers in the polluted soil were affected only by the presence of neat and emulsified oil in soil as compare to other treatment parameters. The practical implication of these findings suggests that reloading of oil in some treated plots could be carried out after the first 90 days. Molecular techniques are underway to provide a more comprehensive study on this successional trend.

Key words: Microbial succession and diversity, oily sludge, bioremediation, hydrocarbon utilizers.

nternational Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (8), pp. 001-011, August, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effects of plant hormones and 20-hydroxyecdysone on tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) seed germination and seedlings growth

Ahmed Bakrim, Mostapha Lamhamdi, Fouad Sayah and Fatiha Chibi*

Pôle d’excellence Régional- Centre des Etudes Environnementales Méditerranéennes. Laboratoire de Biologie Appliquée et Sciences de l’Environnement. Université Abdelmalek Essaadi. Faculté des Sciences et Techniques. BP :416.

Tanger. Maroc.

Accepted 8 July, 2021

Abstract

20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is the major phytoecdysteroid of about 6% of plants. Its role in plant physiology has not been fully elucidated. In this work we studied the effects of 20E application on some morphological and biochemical parameters of tomato, Lycopersicum esculentum , seed during germination and seedling development (5 d). We compared the 20E effects with the action of phytohormones: gibberellic acid (GA₃), naftalen acetic acid (NAA), benzyl amino purine (BAP). NAA treatment resulted in marked reduction in shoot length. GA₃ treatment promoted maximal shoot elongation. BAP affected negatively shoot length only at late stages, while 20E application stimulated shoot elongation at early stages and reduced it on the fifth day; NAA inhibited root elongation all along the test period. GA₃ treatment had no effect on root length, whereas BAP showed strong inhibition on root elongation. On the other hand, 20E showed a weak inhibition of root elongation on the fifth day. As compared to control and to other treatments, NAA and 20E provoked a drastic decrease in protein contents during seedling growth, whereas a high increase was observed under BAP treatment. Electrophoresis revealed that protein bands were not degraded and mobilized after NAA treatment while in control or after 20E and others phytohormones applications, protein patters displayed weak band intensities and some of them were not detected. NAA, GA₃ and BAP provoked a decrease in proline content during seedlings, while the effect of 20E on proline levels varied during germination and plantlet development. This work showed that 20E like phytohormones fulfil some bioactive actions during germination and seedlings growth in tomato.

Key words: Benzyl amino purine, gibberellic acid, 20- hydroxyecdysone, germination, Lycopersicum esculentum seeds, naftalen acetic acid, proline, protein pattern.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (7), pp. 001-006, July, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Sex steroid induced changes on the morphology of prostate of sprague-dawley rats

Olamide A. Adesanya^1*, Kayode A. Oluyemi¹, Nervey W. Dare², Lukeman A.J. Shittu³, Olusoji A. Oyesola⁴ and Abayomi O. Okanlawon⁵

¹Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State, Nigeria.

²Department of Anatomy, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

³Department of Anatomy, Lagos State University College of Medicine, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

⁴Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Edo State

⁵Department of Anatomy, Lagos University College of Medicine, Idi Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.

Accepted 2 July, 2021

Abstract

The effects of combined administration of ethinylestradiol (E) and testosterone (T) were studied in castrated Sprague-Dawley rats. The hormones E and T were administered three times weekly on alternate days, subcutaneously in the inguinal region for 4 weeks, 30 days after castration. E- treated animals received injections of 3 g/kg body weight (B.W), T- treated animals received 30 mg/kg B.W., combined testosterone and ethinylestradiol (T & E) - treated animals received injections of 30 mg/kg B.W. of T and 2 g/kg B.W. of E. Control animals - were in two groups, castrated and intact both received injections of 5 ml/kg B.W. of normal saline. i) The T-treated prostate weight was significantly higher than in castrated control (P<0.05). (ii) The E- alone treated prostate weight was not significantly different from castrated control (P b0.05). iii) The combined T and E-treated prostate weight was significantly higher than in castrated control (P<0.05). Morphological findings: in the combined T and E-treated, the amount of connective tissue was well marked, there was an increase in the thickness of the epithelium and the size of the oval acini, relative to T-alone treated or the intact control. E-alone did not elicit any appreciable effect on the prostate, different from the castrated control. This finding demonstrates a synergistic effect of E on the prostate when administered along with T and also suggests that E may be involved in the pathophysiology of the abnormal enlargement of prostate gland.

Key words: Prostate, castration, testosterone, ethinylestradiol, histology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (6), pp. 001-010, June, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Characterization and monitoring of selected rhizobial strains isolated from tree legumes in Thailand

Monchai Manassila¹, Achara Nuntagij², Somsak Kotepong², Nantakorn Boonkerd¹, and Neung Teaumroong¹*

¹School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhonratchasima 30000, Thailand..

²Soil Mocrobiology Research Group, Soil Science Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.

Accepted 26 May, 2021

Abstract

Tree legume rhizobia were isolated from five tree legumes; Acacia auriculaformis Cunn., A. mangium Willd., Milletia leucantha Kurz., Pterocarpus indicus Willd., and Xylia xylocarpa Taub. grown in Thailand. Forty four highly effective rhizobial strains were selected on the basis of nitrogenase activity, number of nodules and plant biomass. The selected strains were characterized in both terms of physiology and genetics. Most of the strains are slow grower and able to nodulate cowpea rather than soybean. In addition, IAA production could be detected only from few strains. When almost complete 16S rRNA sequences were analysed, the results indicated that most of the selected strains most likely belong to Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Bradyrhizobium sp. except strains AA67 and PT59 which most likely belong to B. japonicum. The nodule occupancy of selected strains in forest soil condition was investigated by using GUS reporter gene. The nodule occupancy is in the range of 63 - 100%. This suggests the appropriate strains should be produced as inoculum for further application in reforestation program-mes in Thailand.

Key words: Tree legume rhizobia, Acacia auriculaformis, Acacia mangium, Milletia leucantha, Pterocarpus indicus, Xylia xylocarpa.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (5), pp. 001-010, May, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Bacterial diversity in the intestinal tract of the fungus-cultivating termite Macrotermes michaelseni (Sjöstedt)

Lucy Mwende Mackenzie^{1, 2}, Anne Thairu Muigai¹, Ellie Onyango Osir², Wilber Lwande², Martin Keller³, Gerardo Toledo³ and Hamadi Iddi Boga¹*

¹Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), P.O. Box 62000, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya.

²International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya.

³Diversa Corporation, 4955 Directors Place, San Diego, CA 92121 USA.

Accepted 20 April, 2021

Abstract

Microorganisms in the intestinal tracts of termites play a crucial role in the nutritional physiology of termites. The bacterial diversity in the fungus-cultivating Macrotermes michaelseni was examined using both molecular and culture dependent methods. Total DNA was extracted from the gut of the termite and 16S rRNA genes were amplified using bacterial specific primers. Representatives from forty-one (41)   RFLP patterns from a total of one hundred and two (102) clones were sequenced. Most of the clones were affiliated with 3 main groups of the domain Bacteria: Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteriodes 73) , Proteobacteria (13), and the low G+C content Gram-positive bacteria (9). Two RFLPs related to planctomycetes, but deeper branching than known members of the phylum, were detected. In addition, 1 and 2 RFLPs represented the spirochetes and TM7-OP11 groups, respectively. In studies using culture dependent techniques, most of the isolates obtained belonged to the Gram-positive bacteria with a high G+C content. However, only one of the clones represented Gram-positive bacteria with High G+C content. These results show a high bacterial diversity in the intestinal microbiota of M. michaelseni, which continues to escape cultivation. As is the case in other termites many of the clones represent previously uncultured bacteria. The fact that most of the clones clustered with clones from Macrotermes gilvus provides further support for the hypothesis that microorganisms in intestinal tracts of termites have co-evolved with their hosts.

Key words: Fungus-cultivating termites, bacterial diversity, intestinal tract, 16S rRNA gene, RFLP.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-010, April, 2021. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Physiological response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings to salinity stress

Gama, P. B. S.^2,3, Inanaga, S.¹, Tanaka, K.³ and Nakazawa, R.¹

¹ALRC, Plant Ecophysiology, Tottori University, 1390 Hamasaka, Tottori 680-0001, Japan.

²Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC), Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, P. O. Box 126, Wad Medani, Sudan.

³Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.

Accepted 20 march, 2021

Abstract

The effect of salinity stress on five cultivars of common bean: Bassbeer, Beladi, Giza 3, HRS 516 and RO21 were evaluated on a sand/peat medium with different salinity levels (0, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) applied 3 weeks after germination for duration of 10 days. Salinity had adverse effects not only on the biomass yield and relative growth rate (RGR_t), but also on other morphological parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, root length and shoot/root weight ratio. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance were adversely affected in all cultivars. Leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor varied significantly among cultivars and salt levels. The interaction between cultivars and salt levels for photosynthesis, leaf osmotic potential and leaf turgor was highly significant at day 10 of salt treatment. The Na uptake among the cultivars varied in the order: HRS 516 <RO21 <Giza 3 <Bassbeer <Beladi. This suggests that HRS 516 was most tolerant cultivar because it was the only cultivar with the highest survival rate and no symptoms of salt stress. RO21 was the most susceptible to salinity as it showed severe symptoms of salt stress and very low survival rate.

Key words: Salinity stress, Na⁺ ions, physiology, photosynthesis, water relations, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).