International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial activity analysis of extracts of various plants against gram -positive and -negative bacteria

Anwar Khalid¹, Amir Waseem¹, Malik Saadullah², Uzair-Ur -Rehman³, Sonia Khiljee⁴, Ayesha Sethi⁵, Muhammad Hassham Hassan Bin Asad⁶, Fatima Rasool⁷, Muhammad Khurram⁸ Waqas and Ghulam Murtaza⁶*

¹Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.

²Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.

³Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehara, Pakistan.

⁴Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicines, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

⁵College of Pharmacy, GC University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

⁶Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.

⁷College of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.

⁸Department of Pharmacy, the University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Accepted 26 October, 2016

Abstract

The methanolic, hot water and cold water extracts of Pistacia Integerrima (gall), Polygonum Bistorta (root), Swetia Charita (stem) and Zingiber officinale (root) were screened against gram positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Entereococcus faecalis ( ATCC 14506) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), and gram negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and Salmonella typhi (ATCC 14028) for their antibacterial efficiency. Discs agar diffusion technique was used. The maximum zone of inhibition of 19 mm of methanolic extract of Zingiber officinale was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, while the maximum zone of inhibition of 15 mm of cold water extract of Zingiber officinale against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 15 mm of cold water extract of Swetia Charita against Bacillus subtilis were observed. Standard drugs with antibiotic action like ceftriaxone, ceftriaxone sodium, cefuroxine, ciprofloxacin, gentamycine, levofloxacin, metronidazole and tranexamic acid were also used against these bacteria and compared their results with that of the plants extracts.

Key words: Pistacia integerrima, Polygonum bistorta, Swetia charita, Zingiber officinale, antimicrobial activity, extract.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Anti glioma effect of doxorubicin loaded liposomes modified with angiopep-2

Mei Danyu^1,2, Gao Huile^1,2, Gong Wei³, Pang Zhiqing^1,2, Jiang Xinguo^1,2* and Chen Jun^1,2

¹School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.

²Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education and PLA, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.

³Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100853, China.

Accepted 28 August, 2016

Abstract

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) was highly expressed in blood brain barrier and glioma cells. Angiopep-2 was a new and effective ligand of LRP. Herein, we present a novel brain targeting delivery system: doxorubicin (DOX) loaded angiopep-2 modified liposome (AL). The particle size of AL was 102 nm and the zeta potential was -9.8 mV, which was stable and suitable for brain targeting delivery. In the anti glioma study, AL group had the smallest average tumor volume, the strongest tumor apoptosis, gain more weight after treatment and longer median survival time than that of other groups. This proved that Angiopep- 2 modified doxorubicin liposomes had certain glioma targeting therapeutic effects and lower toxicity.

Key words: Angiopep-2, liposome, glioma, targeted drug delivery.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of the matrices and penetration enhancers in elemene transdermal drug delivery system

Zhaowu Zeng^{1, 2}, Jing Lin², Haifeng Li²* Tian Xi², Wei Zhou², Haizhu Fan², Xiaori Zhan², Shuling Wang², Anming Wang², Xiaoli Wang³ and Xingyan Liu³

¹College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.

²Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China.

³China-America Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.

Accepted 30 May, 2016

Abstract

The objective of this study is to develop an elemene transdermal drug delivery system by choosing suitable drug-loaded matrices and permeation enhancers and to observe their effects in this system. The in vitro transdermal release profiles were determined by Franz diffusion cells. The content of elemene in the collected samples was determined by gas chromatograph. Polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were chosen as drug-loaded matrices. The optimal amount of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in matrices was 30% (w/w). It was found that azone was the best one among several penetration enhancers, compared with oleinic acid, eucalyptus oil and laurinol. Moreover, using azone together with propylene glycol, the permeation effect of elemene was even better. The appropriate ratio between azone and propylene glycol was 1:1. Moreover, 2% azone and 2% propylene glycol together as permeation enhancers achieved the best permeation effect for the elemene transdermal drug delivery system. The solution containing 20% saline, 50% ethanol and 30% PEG-400 was a good receiving media for -elemene in Franz diffusion cells. The amount of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in the matrices had obvious effects on the penetration ability of elemene. Types and concentration of the penetration enhancers had effect on the permeability of elemene through skin.

Key words: Transdermal, drug delivery system, penetration enhancers.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-011, March, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Extract of Coelatura aegyptiaca, a freshwater clam, ameliorates hepatic oxidative stress induced by monosodium glutamate in rats

Amel M. Soliman

Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 21 March, 2016

Abstract

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the possible ameliorative effect of Coelatura aegyptiaca extract (CE) and vitamin C on oxidative stress induced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) in rat liver. Male rats were randomly divided into four main groups: control group, received distilled water, group 2 (100 mg/kg) and 3 (250 mg/kg) received CE for seven consecutive days. Group animals (24 rats) were administered MSG (4 mg/g body weight) daily for 10 days. This group was then subdivided into 4 subgroups. All subgroups treated orally for 7 days with, distilled water (subgroup I), CE at a dose of 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight (subgroups II and III), and 250 mg vitamin C/kg body weight (subgroup IV). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of the CE was determined using a DPPH (2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test system. The CE and vitamin C caused significant ameliorative effects by decreasing the activities of serum aminotransaminases (AST and ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), levels of serum glucose, lipid profile parameters, liver malondialdeyde level (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), as well as the activity of liver catalase (CAT), and increasing the level of liver glutathione reduced (GSH). The results of the present study elucidate that CE could ameliorate the liver oxidative stress induced by MSG administration, since CE was strongly scavenged DPPH radicals and showed antioxidant activity.

Key words: Monosodium glutamate, freshwater extracts, liver oxidative stress, lipid profile parameters, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl.

International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2017. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Comparing the effect of vitamin B1 (vit. B1) and ibuberofen on the treatment of primary dysmenorhea

Mandana Zafari*, Aghamohammady A. and Tofighi M.

Department of Midwifery, Islamic Azad University, Sari Branch, Sari, Iran.

Accepted 13 June, 2016

Abstract

Primary dysmenorhea refers to painful contractions of menses which are without organic complications and its incidence is about 80%. The purpose of this study is to compare the effect of vitamin B1 (vit. B1) and ibuberofen on the treatment of primary dysmenorhea. This clinical trial study was done on medicine students of Islamic Azad University, Sari branch, in 2010. One hundred and fifty-two students that had moderate and severe dysmenorhea were sited in two groups randomly. The first group (76 girls) received 100 mg/day vit. B1 in the luteal phase and the second group received 400 mg ibuberofen when their pain started (duration of this study was 2 months) . After data collection, data analysis was done by SPSS version software and we used chi-square tests, t -test, Mann-Whitney and Freidman tests ( = 0.05) . There was significant difference between intensity and duration of pain before and after treatment by ibuberofen (p = 0.000) and vit. B1 (p = 0.000). Furthermore, there was no difference between the intensity of pain after intervention in the two groups in the first month (p = 0.414), but there was difference in the second (p = 0.000) and third (p = 0.000) months. Also, there was no difference between the two groups about needing more drugs to reduce the pain (p = 0.401). The effect of vit. B1 and ibuberofen are similar, but vit. B1 has less complications and it is more accepted and used in treatment of primary dysmenorhea.

Key words: Primary dysmenorhea, Ibuberofen, vitamin B1 (vit. B1).