ISSN 2326-7275
Short Communication
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (4), pp. 001-003, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
Toxicological studies of Ceiba pentandra Linn
S, Sarkiyayi1, S. Ibrahim1 and M. S. Abubakar2
1Department of Biochemistry A.B.U. Zaria, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmacognocy and Drug development ABU Zaria, Nigeria.
Accepted 11 July, 2019
Abstract
The toxicity profile of aqueous methanol extract of Ceiba pentandra leaves was investigated in mice. Two parameters were determined; acute toxicity and chronic toxicity. For acute toxicity test, the LD50 was found to be over 5000 mg/kg. For chronic toxicity test, the mice were injected with graded doses (250 - 500 mg/kg) of the leaves extract daily for 21 days and the effects on body weight, hematological and serum biochemical parameters were determined. The results revealed that there was no significant change in body weight, meaning that the extract is relatively safe for oral medical use. In fact there were no variable changes in the body weight of the mice from day zero (D0 ) to day twenty one (D21) in all the groups. The parameters determined during chronic toxicity test reveals that the concentrations of urea, chloride ion sodium ion ,potassium ions and bicarbonate were 11.2, 83.2, 131.6, 8.44 and 38 mMol/L respectively for the test animals .The result shows that apart from urea, all other parameters were within physiological acceptable range. The results further reveals, that there was a decrease in Craetinine (88 uMol/L) and Total Protein (57.4 g/L), while AST (19 IU/L), ALT (10 IU/L) and ALP (204 IU/L) concentrations has significantly increased .While there was no significant change in PCV and bilirubin concentrations The finding reveals that C. pentandra has very low toxicity profile in all the tested animals and the plant is relatively safe for herbal oral medication.
Key words: Ceiba pentandra, toxicity, plant.
Sarkiyayi , S. Ibrahim and M. S. Abubakar, S
Page: 1 - 3
Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA) and nitric oxide as potential cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Mohamed H. Mahfouz1*, Ibrahim A. Emara1, Mohamed S. Shouman2 and Magda K. Ezz 3
1Biochemistry and 2 Internal Medicine Departments,National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology (NIDE), Cairo, Egypt.
3 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science. Ain Shams University.
Accepted 10 July, 2019
Abstract
Hyperglycemia affects biochemical parameters and influences the progression of coronary heart disease and mortality rates in diabetic patients. L- arginine is the substrate used by NO synthase to produce the vasodilator NO. However, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), there is an increase in serum levels of methylated L -arginines, such as ADMA, which is a recently identified potent cardiovascular risk factor. The aim of this study was designed to determine both risk factors (ADMA and NO) in type 2 diabetic patients with and without cardiovascular disease and to evaluate whether there is an association between ADMA and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) on the one hand and nitric oxide on the other hand. The study included 3 groups of subjects; Group I (Control group); comprising 20 healthy subjects; the mean age 48 ± 1.6 years; Group II: 20 diabetic patients without cardiovascular complications; the mean age 51.0 ± 1.96 years and Group III; 20 diabetic patients with evidence of cardiovascular complications; the mean age 54.0 ± 2.1 years. Fasting and postprandial serum glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile (total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, HDL -c and LDL-c), ADMA and serum NO metabolite level, were determined. Serum glucose (fasting and postprandial), HbA1c and ADMA levels showed significant increase in diabetic patients type 2 with and without cardiovascular complications compared to healthy normal control. Total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL-c manifested significant elevations, while HDL-c level showed insignificant change in both groups in compared to non diabetic healthy subjects. Serum NO metabolite level was significantly reduced in the both diabetic patient groups compared with controls. No correlation between ADMA level and studied parameters in diabetic patients without evidence of cardiovascular complications, whereas in cardiovascular complications group, the ADMA level was positively correlated with both postprandial serum glucose and HbA1c, but there was a negative correlation between ADMA levels and NO. Also, NO was negatively correlated with postprandial serum glucose and HbA1c. In conclusion, ADMA and NO may serve as predictors for future cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients. So, early diagnosis and good glycemic control are more effective in reducing the cardiovascular complications.
Key words: Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, ADMA, nitric oxide.
Mohamed H. Mahfouz*, Ibrahim A. Emara1, Mohamed S. Shouman and Magda K. Ezz
Page: 1 - 9
Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Antidermatophytic activities of Ixora brachiata Roxb
B. Sadeghi-Nejad1* and S.S Deokule2
1Department of Mycoparasitology, Medical School, Joundi-Shapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran.
2Department of Botany, University of Pune Ganeshkhind, Pune- 411007, India.
Accepted 15 August, 2019
Abstract
The in vitro antifungal activity of Ixora brachiata Roxb. leaf and root extracts were evaluated against three different genera of dermatophytes viz. Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton by Dilution Agar Method. The crude extracts of Ixora brachiata root and leaf showed in -vitro antifungal properties and completely prevented the growth of tested dermatophytic species with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of I. brachiata leaf (IBL) and I. brachiata root (IBR) between 5.0 - 10 and 2.5 - 10 mg ml-1 medium, respectively. Minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values of I. brachiata leaf (IBL) and I. brachiata root (IBR) was also similar to 5.0 and 2.5 mg ml-1 of the medium, respectively. Results of phytochemical screening indicated that the leaf and root of I. brachiata gave positive test for starch, saponins, reducing sugars, anthraquinones, glycosides, phenols and proteins while they gave negative test for alkaloids. IBL gave positive test for tannins while IBR gave positive test for flavonoids. Detection of coumarins and triterpenes in IBL suggested that these compounds might be responsible for the anti-dermatophytic activity in this study.
Key words: Antidermatophytic activity, Ixora brachiata Roxb.
S.S Deokule, B. Sadeghi-Nejad*
Page: 1 - 5
Review
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Review
The hormone-emotion-behavioural gene-neuromessenger labyrinth: Pertinent questions
N. A. Adamafio
Department of Biochemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected].
Accepted 10 September, 2019
Abstract
The discovery of behavioural genes has raised the prospect that behaviour may be governed, in part, by the actions of mutant gene products on the brain. These are mostly enzymes or proteins involved in processes related to neurotransmission. In addition, numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of specific hormones on behaviour. Furthermore, the ability of intense emotions to stimulate or suppress the synthesis of a variety of hormones is well-documented. An incredibly murky picture of multi-directional interrelationships between behavioural genes, emotions and biochemical messengers is emerging, making it increasingly difficult to distinguish between causes and effects. This article seeks to highlight a number of unresolved issues in this intriguing area of behavioural endocrinology and examine the ramifications of behavioural gene discoveries.
Keywords: Hormones, emotions, neuromessengers, HPA axis, behavioural genes.
N. A. Adamafio
Page: 1 - 6
Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Beneficial effect of taurine in spontaneous hypertensive rats: Implication of its antioxidant activity
R. Chahine*, J. Hanna, C. Bassil, N. Rihana, A. Mounayar and H. Greige
Laboratory of Physiology, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Accepted 02 December, 2019
Abstract
Taurine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, has been reported to play an antihypertensive role but the mechanism underlying this activity is yet to be defined. In this study, we investigate the effect of taurine on blood pressure by oral administration in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Total heart weight, left ventricular weight, lipid peroxidation as well as glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) were determined together with histopathological examination of heart tissue. Results indicate that four weeks of oral taurine administered significantly decreased the systolic blood pressure from 174.6 ± 6.4 to 140.08 ± 8.2 mm Hg (p < 0.05). This was associated with significant reduction of the left ventricular mass in cardiac tissues. Lipid peroxidation of the heart tissue was depressed, while SOD and GSH activities significantly increased in SHR under taurine treatment. Moreover, histological inspection of cardiac sections revealed a smaller cardiomyocytes diameter in taurine- treated animals when compared to controls. We conclude that taurine reduces blood pressure in SHR and decreases cardiac hypertrophy by impacting the antioxidant activity.
Key words: Taurine, antioxidant, hypertension, spontaneous hypertensive rats.
J. Hanna, N. Rihana, C. Bassil, A. Mounayar and H. Greige, R. Chahine*
Page: 1 - 4
Research Article
International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology ISSN: 2326-7275 Vol. 9 (2), pp. 001-005, February, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Analysis of some lipid parameters following lithium administration
P. D. Shallie1*, A. K. Adefule1, H. B. Akpan1, D. Fakoya2 and E. N. Adejumo3
1Anatomy Department, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
2Biochemistry Department Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
3Chemical Pathology Department, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Accepted 07 September, 2019
Abstract
Lithium is a drug of choice for treatment of some psychological disorders including manic depression. Wistar Rats (male and female) were housed in individual improvised cages. The rats were acclimatized for two weeks after which they were randomly grouped into 3 viz control, lithium treated and lithium with saline treated group and treated for four weeks. The lithium treated group received 40 mM lithium bicarbonate per kg of feed for the first 1 week while the dosage was increased to 60mM per kg of feed for the rest of the 3 weeks. Lithium saline group received saline solution in addition to lithium. The control group was given normal feed and water liberally for the period of the experiment. At the end of the experiment the serum and the tissue cholesterol and triglycerides were quantified and the serum lithium level also determined. The results showed significant values for weight loss, serum lithium and cholesterol. The lipid parameters generally decreased. In conclusion the systemic changes in plasma lipid parameters at the cellular level induce changes in metabolism and cell membrane and this should be considered seriously in patients who are under lithium therapy for a long period because the clinically important consequence is significant.
Key words: Wistar rats, lithium, lipid parameters, cell membrane.
A. K. Adefule, H. B. Akpan, P. D. Shallie*, D. Fakoya and E. N. Adejumo
Page: 1 - 5