ISSN 2998-1033
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 10, October 2023 | pp. 82–90
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/141001
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Security Dynamics: Assessing Cross-Border Insurgent Corridors along the Baluchistan Frontier
Authors: Tariq H. Al-Sabahi¹, Viktor I. Morozov²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; ²Department of International Security Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract:
The rapid escalation of cross-border insurgent incursions and subsequent regional military campaigns has redefined southwest Asian border security frameworks and heightened geopolitical friction between adjacent states. This study presents a systematic analysis of the structural drivers behind insurgent movements and evaluates the security outcomes of unilateral state border fencing and drone surveillance projects. Utilizing a mixed-methods research framework that combines localized geographical field surveillance data from 2020 to 2022 with key informant security interviews, we dissect border operational vulnerabilities. The field data demonstrates that radical militant networks exploit porous mountainous terrain, deep-seated tribal linkages, and high rural unemployment to establish resilient cross-border logistical hideouts. Quantitative metrics establish that frontier regions operating without integrated, bilateral border coordination matrices experience a 65% higher rate of insurgent encounters and illegal arms smuggling campaigns. The paper demonstrates that heavy-handed tactical military sweeps fail to suppress cross-border networks when they ignore border-community economic integration. We conclude that sustainable frontier stabilization requires transitioning from unilateral fortification toward establishing synchronized, bilateral customs checkpoints and comprehensive tribal economic development programs.
Keywords: Cross-Border Militancy; Frontier Security; Baluchistan Frontier; Insurgency; Border Securitization; Regional Geopolitics
Manuscript Timeline: Received: September 02, 2021; Revised: November 22, 2021; Accepted: February 18, 2022; Published: October 14, 2023
Citation: Al-Sabahi, T. H., & Morozov, V. I. (2023). Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Security Dynamics: Assessing Cross-Border Insurgent Corridors along the Baluchistan Frontier. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(10), 82–90. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/141001
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 9, September 2023 | pp. 73–81
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140901
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Resource Extraction Crimes during the Liberian Civil War
Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Ziad H. Al-Rifai²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Media Studies, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Abstract:
Transitional justice initiatives heavily prioritize cataloging civil and political rights abuses, while routinely overlooking corporate complicity in systemic state repression and economic crimes. This paper evaluates the structural limitations of post-conflict reconstruction models concerning the prosecution of private commercial extraction entities that actively supported institutionalized violence during the Liberian conflict. Utilizing comprehensive legal archival datasets, corporate timber registries, and human rights databases from 2003 to 2022, we measure the long-term socioeconomic impacts of omitting economic restitution from early peace agreements. The quantitative analysis reveals that commercial networks that profited from resource extraction avoided financial and legal restitution, leaving structural economic inequities completely unaddressed. Our statistical models demonstrate that regions with high historical corporate timber capture report a 40% increase in localized social protests and labor disputes over resource distribution. The study concludes that traditional transitional justice frameworks fail to foster deep national reconciliation when they ignore economic violations. We argue that modern democratic stability requires integrating binding corporate accountability frameworks directly into transitional justice mechanisms.
Keywords: Political Economy; Transitional Justice; Corporate Complicity; Resource Extraction; Structural Inequality; Economic Violations
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 20, 2021; Revised: November 15, 2021; Accepted: February 05, 2022; Published: September 12, 2023
Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Al-Rifai, Z. H. (2023). The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Resource Extraction Crimes during the Liberian Civil War. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(9), 73–81. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140901
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 7, July 2023 | pp. 55–63
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140701
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Impact of UN Peacekeeping Mandates on Local Security: A Comparative Analysis of MINUSMA Defensive Tactics in Central Mali
Authors: Amina J. Diallo¹, Jean-Louis Dupont²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; ²Centre de Recherches Internationales, Sciences Po, Paris, France
Abstract:
The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) operates within an asymmetric security landscape where peacekeepers are frequently targeted by violent non-state actors. This paper evaluates the operational effectiveness of MINUSMA's civilian protection mandate in central Mali, focusing on the structural limits of static versus mobile force deployments from 2020 to 2022. Drawing on field data and key informant interviews with 42 humanitarian coordinators and local community leaders, we analyze the tactical constraints facing UN forces. The findings reveal that while static UN operating bases protect immediate urban centers, they leave surrounding rural villages exposed to targeted insurgent attacks and communal violence. Statistical analysis indicates that regions dependent on static peacekeeping garrisons report a 48% higher rate of rural civilian displacements following asymmetric skirmishes. The study demonstrates that a risk-averse military culture, combined with severe logistical deficits in helicopter mobility, prevents proactive patrolling beyond major transit routes. We conclude that enhancing civilian safety requires transforming peacekeeping frameworks to prioritize highly mobile, decentralized tactical units capable of rapid deployment to remote areas.
Keywords: MINUSMA; Peacekeeping Operations; Protection of Civilians; Mali Insurgency; Asymmetric Warfare; Livelihood Displacement
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 02, 2021; Revised: October 20, 2021; Accepted: January 12, 2022; Published: July 18, 2023
Citation: Diallo, A. J., & Dupont, J. L. (2023). The Impact of UN Peacekeeping Mandates on Local Security: A Comparative Analysis of MINUSMA Defensive Tactics in Central Mali. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(7), 55–63. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140701
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 8, August 2023 | pp. 64–72
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140801
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Geopolitics of Transnational Commercial Cyber-Surveillance Networks: Assessing Structural Exploitations of Civic Communication Systems
Authors: Alexei V. Volkov¹, Nadia M. Al-Shari²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Information Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia; ²School of Computing and Informatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract:
The unmonitored sale of advanced, commercial-grade digital hacking software has redefined the nature of international intelligence collection and domestic political suppression. This article investigates the structural distribution lines of offensive cyber-surveillance systems across emerging regimes, analyzing how zero-click exploit applications are used against civil society. Utilizing digital forensic tracking data collected from compromised devices alongside international legal frameworks, we map out intrusion patterns recorded between 2021 and 2023. The forensic evidence demonstrates that these software packages bypass smartphone security without requiring user interaction, creating severe operational hazards for investigative journalists and political opposition figures. Quantitative vulnerability indicators reveal that regimes deploying foreign-sourced commercial spyware show a 55% reduction in public accountability scores and a sharp increase in extrajudicial tracking operations. The research highlights the complete failure of existing national export controls to regulate the digital arms trade. We conclude that protecting transnational human rights requires establishing an international legal architecture that imposes strict liability on technology companies selling offensive surveillance tools to repressive states.
Keywords: Digital Espionage; Commercial Spyware; Human Rights; Forensic Tracking; Cyber-Surveillance; State Suppression
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 14, 2021; Revised: November 02, 2021; Accepted: January 28, 2020; Published: August 15, 2023
Citation: Volkov, A. V., & Al-Shari, N. M. (2023). The Geopolitics of Transnational Commercial Cyber-Surveillance Networks: Assessing Structural Exploitations of Civic Communication Systems. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(8), 64–72. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140801
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 9, September 2023 | pp. 73–81
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140901
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Resource Extraction Crimes during the Liberian Civil War
Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Ziad H. Al-Rifai²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Media Studies, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Abstract:
Transitional justice initiatives heavily prioritize cataloging civil and political rights abuses, while routinely overlooking corporate complicity in systemic state repression and economic crimes. This paper evaluates the structural limitations of post-conflict reconstruction models concerning the prosecution of private commercial extraction entities that actively supported institutionalized violence during the Liberian conflict. Utilizing comprehensive legal archival datasets, corporate timber registries, and human rights databases from 2003 to 2022, we measure the long-term socioeconomic impacts of omitting economic restitution from early peace agreements. The quantitative analysis reveals that commercial networks that profited from resource extraction avoided financial and legal restitution, leaving structural economic inequities completely unaddressed. Our statistical models demonstrate that regions with high historical corporate timber capture report a 40% increase in localized social protests and labor disputes over resource distribution. The study concludes that traditional transitional justice frameworks fail to foster deep national reconciliation when they ignore economic violations. We argue that modern democratic stability requires integrating binding corporate accountability frameworks directly into transitional justice mechanisms.
Keywords: Political Economy; Transitional Justice; Corporate Complicity; Resource Extraction; Structural Inequality; Economic Violations
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 20, 2021; Revised: November 15, 2021; Accepted: February 05, 2022; Published: September 12, 2023
Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Al-Rifai, Z. H. (2023). The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Resource Extraction Crimes during the Liberian Civil War. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(9), 73–81. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140901
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 10, October 2023 | pp. 82–90
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/141001
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Security Dynamics: Assessing Cross-Border Insurgent Corridors along the Baluchistan Frontier
Authors: Tariq H. Al-Sabahi¹, Viktor I. Morozov²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; ²Department of International Security Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract:
The rapid escalation of cross-border insurgent incursions and subsequent regional military campaigns has redefined southwest Asian border security frameworks and heightened geopolitical friction between adjacent states. This study presents a systematic analysis of the structural drivers behind insurgent movements and evaluates the security outcomes of unilateral state border fencing and drone surveillance projects. Utilizing a mixed-methods research framework that combines localized geographical field surveillance data from 2020 to 2022 with key informant security interviews, we dissect border operational vulnerabilities. The field data demonstrates that radical militant networks exploit porous mountainous terrain, deep-seated tribal linkages, and high rural unemployment to establish resilient cross-border logistical hideouts. Quantitative metrics establish that frontier regions operating without integrated, bilateral border coordination matrices experience a 65% higher rate of insurgent encounters and illegal arms smuggling campaigns. The paper demonstrates that heavy-handed tactical military sweeps fail to suppress cross-border networks when they ignore border-community economic integration. We conclude that sustainable frontier stabilization requires transitioning from unilateral fortification toward establishing synchronized, bilateral customs checkpoints and comprehensive tribal economic development programs.
Keywords: Cross-Border Militancy; Frontier Security; Baluchistan Frontier; Insurgency; Border Securitization; Regional Geopolitics
Manuscript Timeline: Received: September 02, 2021; Revised: November 22, 2021; Accepted: February 18, 2022; Published: October 14, 2023
Citation: Al-Sabahi, T. H., & Morozov, V. I. (2023). Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Security Dynamics: Assessing Cross-Border Insurgent Corridors along the Baluchistan Frontier. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(10), 82–90. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/141001
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 11, November 2023 | pp. 91–99
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/141101
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Frameworks: The Role of Community-Led Agro-Cooperatives in Reintegrating Former Combatants in Bougainville
Authors: Kumari M. Perera¹, Siddharth K. Nair²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka; ²School of Global Studies, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract:
Formal Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration (DDR) strategies frequently encounter intense friction within civil communities following long-term, identity-based armed conflicts. This paper evaluates the operational efficacy of traditional, community-led psychosocial support mechanisms compared to state-administered vocational programs in supporting former combatants in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea. Utilizing a longitudinal tracking methodology, we monitored 310 former insurgent fighters across a three-year post-conflict window ending in late 2022. The quantitative metrics reveal that ex-combatants integrated into rural agricultural cooperatives featuring strong grassroots community support systems recorded a 44% lower score on clinical psychological trauma indexes than those placed in individual urban environments. Furthermore, qualitative focus group assessments show that local cooperative models are more successful at rebuilding inter-communal trust and reducing retaliatory violence because they prioritize shared economic survival over individual legal compensation. The study demonstrates that centralized state DDR kits isolate returning combatants by neglecting community-wide healing dynamics. We argue that ensuring long-term democratic stability requires formally embedding localized cooperative structures into national peace implementation frameworks.
Keywords: DDR; Bougainville Peace Process; Ex-Combatants; Psychosocial Reintegration; Community Cooperatives; Trust Building
Manuscript Timeline: Received: September 15, 2021; Revised: December 02, 2021; Accepted: February 20, 2022; Published: November 18, 2023
Citation: Perera, K. M., & Nair, S. K. (2023). Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Frameworks: The Role of Community-Led Agro-Cooperatives in Reintegrating Former Combatants in Bougainville. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(11), 91–99. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/141101
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 6, June 2023 | pp. 46–54
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140601
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Youth Radicalization, Carceral Networks as Radical Ideological Spaces, and the Structural Limits of State-Sponsored Rehabilitation Models in West Africa
Authors: Purity W. Kamau¹, Kofi Kwakwa²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹School of Law, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; ²Faculty of Law, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
Abstract:
This study investigates the structural dynamics of violent extremist recruitment within carceral institutions across West Africa, evaluating the long-term efficacy of state-sponsored rehabilitation and de-radicalization initiatives. Employing a comprehensive qualitative policy review alongside detailed behavioral case profiles of 82 former detainees, we analyze how high-security prison systems function as spaces for radical ideological transmission. The empirical evidence demonstrates that overcrowding, severe administrative isolation, and abusive disciplinary practices create an environment where vulnerable, non-violent offenders are rapidly integrated into sophisticated extremist networks. Quantitative indicators establish that states relying primarily on high-security carceral containment show a 55% higher recidivism rate among former inmates compared to states integrating community-based open rehabilitation pathways. The research highlights how current counter-radicalization frameworks fail because they focus heavily on theological re-education while ignoring the structural drivers of alienation: widespread economic exclusion and systemic judicial corruption. We conclude that sustainable security sector reform requires decoupling low-risk offenders from radical inmate populations and expanding post-release employment support structures.
Keywords: Youth Radicalization; Carceral Institutions; West Africa; De-Radicalization; Security Sector Reform; Recidivism
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 28, 2021; Revised: October 12, 2021; Accepted: January 05, 2022; Published: June 15, 2023
Citation: Kamau, P. W., & Kwakwa, K. (2023). Youth Radicalization, Carceral Networks as Radical Ideological Spaces, and the Structural Limits of State-Sponsored Rehabilitation Models in West Africa. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(6), 46–54. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140601
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 5, May 2023 | pp. 37–45
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140501
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Assessing the Impact of Commercial Agricultural Concessions on Smallholder Displacement in Sudan
Authors: Sibusiso K. Khumalo¹, Youssef Al-Masri²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Public Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ²Department of Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Abstract:
Post-conflict states frequently prioritize selling natural resource concessions to attract foreign direct investment and generate immediate tax revenues for state rebuilding projects. This paper examines the long-term socioeconomic outcomes of this development model in Sudan, evaluating how modern commercial agricultural concessions impact agrarian land tenure and local community stability. Utilizing extensive agrarian mapping software combined with localized household wealth surveys conducted between 2020 and 2022, we measure the structural shifts in rural land ownership patterns. The quantitative analysis reveals that large-scale state allocations of fertile land to international corporate syndicates have displaced substantial numbers of smallholder farmers, creating deep-seated socio-economic grievances. Our regression models establish that rural districts with high corporate land concentration show a 42% increase in localized land tenure disputes and higher relative deprivation indices. The study demonstrates that prioritizing elite-driven commercial investment without safeguarding traditional communal land rights accelerates rural-urban migration and exacerbates social polarization. We argue that sustainable post-conflict reconstruction requires establishing strict legal frameworks that protect traditional property ownership and mandate inclusive local profit-sharing.
Keywords: Political Economy; Post-Conflict Reconstruction; Agricultural Concessions; Land Tenure; Sudan; Structural Inequality
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 15, 2021; Revised: October 05, 2021; Accepted: December 18, 2021; Published: May 20, 2023
Citation: Khumalo, S. K., & Al-Masri, Y. (2023). The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Assessing the Impact of Commercial Agricultural Concessions on Smallholder Displacement in Sudan. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(5), 37–45. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140501
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 14, No. 4, April 2023 | pp. 28–36
DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140401
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Architecture of Transnational Light Weapons Proliferation: Tracking Illicit Distribution Supply Loops in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Amanuel T. Mengistu¹, Marcus T. Vance²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ²Center for Development and Emergency Practice, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Abstract:
The unchecked proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) across porous land boundaries remains a primary structural driver of state fragmentation and insurgent violence across the Horn of Africa. This article tracks the clandestine distribution networks through which illegal weapons shipments are introduced into localized conflict zones, tracking how these operations adapt to state border controls. Utilizing a border-tracking framework combined with seized weapons classification data collected from 2020 to 2022, we examine the logistical networks connecting international syndicates to local rebel militias. The empirical evidence demonstrates that transnational criminal networks exploit gaps in inter-state intelligence sharing and weak frontier aerial radar security to traffic military-grade equipment. Quantitative indicators reveal that border districts where customs patrols are uncoordinated between neighboring states face a 68% higher rate of localized insurgent incursions and black-market arms accumulation. The paper highlights the failure of unilateral, militarized border shutdowns to dismantle decentralized supply networks. We conclude that curbing illicit arms proliferation requires establishing a joint, synchronized intelligence clearinghouse alongside automated weapon serialization tracing protocols.
Keywords: Arms Proliferation; SALW; Border Security; Horn of Africa; Transnational Crime; Supply Networks
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 05, 2021; Revised: September 18, 2021; Accepted: December 02, 2021; Published: April 18, 2023
Citation: Mengistu, A. T., & Vance, M. T. (2023). The Architecture of Transnational Light Weapons Proliferation: Tracking Illicit Distribution Supply Loops in the Horn of Africa. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 14(4), 28–36. DOI: 10.46882/2023/GJPCS/140401