ISSN 2998-1033
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 2, February 2020 | pp. 10–18
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110201
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Architecture of Transnational Digital Espionage: Evaluating the Proliferation of Commercial Spyware in Southeast Asia
Authors: Alexei V. Volkov¹, Kumari M. Perera²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Information Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia; ²International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Abstract:
The unmonitored sale of advanced, commercial-grade digital hacking software has redefined the nature of international intelligence collection and domestic political suppression. This article investigates the structural distribution lines of offensive cyber-surveillance systems across Southeast Asia, analyzing how zero-click exploit applications are used against civil society. Utilizing digital forensic tracking data collected from compromised devices alongside international legal frameworks, we map out intrusion patterns recorded between 2018 and 2020. The forensic evidence demonstrates that these software packages bypass smartphone security without requiring user interaction, creating severe operational hazards for investigative journalists and political opposition figures. Quantitative vulnerability indicators reveal that regimes deploying foreign-sourced commercial spyware show a 55% reduction in public accountability scores and a sharp increase in extrajudicial tracking operations. The research highlights the complete failure of existing national export controls to regulate the digital arms trade. We conclude that protecting transnational human rights requires establishing an international legal architecture that imposes strict liability on technology companies selling offensive surveillance tools to repressive states.
Keywords: Digital Espionage; Commercial Spyware; Human Rights; Forensic Tracking; Cyber-Surveillance; State Suppression
Manuscript Timeline: Received: May 25, 2019; Revised: August 02, 2019; Accepted: October 15, 2019; Published: February 14, 2020
Citation: Volkov, A. V., & Perera, K. M. (2020). The Architecture of Transnational Digital Espionage: Evaluating the Proliferation of Commercial Spyware in Southeast Asia. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(2), 10–18. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110201
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 3, March 2020 | pp. 19–27
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110301
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Evaluating Regional Cybersecurity Alliances: Assessing NATO's Baltic Cyber Defense Architecture Against Asymmetric Threats
Authors: Sarah L. Bernstein¹, Alexei V. Volkov²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; ²Department of Information Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
Abstract:
Asymmetric digital warfare targeting state information grids has emerged as a primary instrument of contemporary geopolitical intimidation and territorial destabilization. This paper evaluates the structural integration and operational readiness of NATO's Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) in protecting Baltic critical infrastructure from 2017 to 2019. Using a structural realist analytical model paired with quantitative cyber-incident logs, we dissect the coordination challenges facing regional defense alliances. The empirical results show that while the alliance has successfully standardized emergency response procedures for public entities, severe communication gaps persist within public-private telecom partnerships. Statistical threat modeling indicates that private digital service providers operating without centralized military encryption linkages face an 84% higher vulnerability to systemic state-backed data alteration campaigns. The study highlights how the lack of a unified definition for cyber-warfare actions complicates the enforcement of mutual defense obligations. We argue that building long-term digital resilience requires updating international legal doctrines to treat large-scale infrastructure cyberattacks as kinetic border violations.
Keywords: Cybersecurity Alliances; NATO Baltic Defense; Asymmetric Threats; Infrastructure Protection; Digital Warfare; Mutual Security
Manuscript Timeline: Received: June 10, 2019; Revised: August 28, 2019; Accepted: November 02, 2019; Published: March 18, 2020
Citation: Bernstein, S. L., & Volkov, A. V. (2020). Evaluating Regional Cybersecurity Alliances: Assessing NATO's Baltic Cyber Defense Architecture Against Asymmetric Threats. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(3), 19–27. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110301
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 4, April 2020 | pp. 28–36
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110401
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reparations: Assessing Land Restitution Failure and Agrarian Tension in Post-Accord Colombia
Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Sibusiso K. Khumalo²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Department of Public Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Abstract:
Sustainable transitional justice frameworks depend on the timely execution of economic reparations and land restitution to redress historical structural marginalization. This study analyzes the political economy of land redistribution programs in Colombia following the 2016 Havana peace agreement, tracking institutional performance up to early 2020. Utilizing agrarian registry data alongside field interviews with 110 displaced smallholders, we examine the structural barriers slowing rural justice. The quantitative findings indicate that less than 12% of formalized rural land claims have resulted in secure legal titles, leaving structural property imbalances uncorrected. Our regression models establish that rural municipalities with lagging restitution timelines report a 38% increase in land invasions and localized violence from re-mobilized paramilitary groups. This trend is driven by bureaucratic obstruction and corporate opposition to returning confiscated lands. The article concludes that symbolic transitional justice achievements cannot prevent conflict when material wealth disparities remain unchanged. We argue that long-term stabilization requires creating independent land tribunals backed by direct state enforcement mechanisms.
Keywords: Land Restitution; Colombia Peace Accord; Political Economy; Agrarian Grievances; Reparations Failure; Paramilitary Mobilization
Manuscript Timeline: Received: June 22, 2019; Revised: September 05, 2019; Accepted: November 18, 2019; Published: April 15, 2020
Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Khumalo, S. K. (2020). The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reparations: Assessing Land Restitution Failure and Agrarian Tension in Post-Accord Colombia. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(4), 28–36. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110401
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 5, May 2020 | pp. 37–45
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110501
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Climate Security, Cross-Border Displacement, and Humanitarian Governance: Evaluating Institutional Resilience in the Lake Chad Basin
Authors: Amina J. Diallo¹, Emmanuel N. Obi²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; ²Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Yaoundé II, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Abstract:
The convergence of accelerating ecological collapse and insurgent violence across the Lake Chad Basin has created a complex humanitarian crisis, testing regional refugee protection models. This paper explores the relationship between climate-induced environmental degradation, forced migration, and local resource competition along the Cameroon-Nigeria frontier up to 2020. Utilizing geographical environmental tracking metrics combined with household surveys among 680 displaced families, we analyze the capacity of regional humanitarian networks. The empirical data reveals that the shrinking surface area of Lake Chad has eliminated traditional agrarian livelihoods, driving a 62% increase in unplanned population movement toward urban perimeter zones. Our statistical models show that refugee settlements lacking coordinated water allocation frameworks experience a 45% higher incidence of inter-communal clashes between displaced groups and host populations over shared pasture land. The study highlights the failure of humanitarian programs that treat migration as a short-term emergency rather than a structural ecological change. We conclude that regional stability requires integrating long-term climate adaptation funding directly into border security architectures.
Keywords: Climate Security; Lake Chad Basin; Forced Displacement; Humanitarian Governance; Resource Scarcity; Community Conflict
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 05, 2019; Revised: September 18, 2019; Accepted: December 02, 2019; Published: May 12, 2020
Citation: Diallo, A. J., & Obi, E. N. (2020). Climate Security, Cross-Border Displacement, and Humanitarian Governance: Evaluating Institutional Resilience in the Lake Chad Basin. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(5), 37–45. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110501
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 6, June 2020 | pp. 46–54
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110601
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Geopolitics of Proxy Subversion: Analyzing the Impact of Foreign Military Assistance on Insurgency Duration in Libya
Authors: Youssef Al-Masri¹, Viktor I. Morozov²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; ²Department of International Security Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract:
The expansion of internationalized civil conflict following the collapse of centralized state power in Libya has turned localized rivalries into an intense proxy war. This study examines how competing foreign military assistance programs, automated drone shipments, and private mercenary deployments impacted the duration and scale of fighting from 2018 to early 2020. Employing a structural realist framework alongside military cargo intelligence databases, we calculate the material assets provided to competing domestic factions. The findings reveal that asymmetric external logistics support, combined with high-altitude drone operations, dismantled domestic political negotiation initiatives. Quantitative tracking establishes that whenever foreign arms shipments increased, the duration of local military stalemates extended by an average of 18 months, causing a 52% surge in civilian casualties within urban conflict zones. The paper demonstrates that international weapons embargoes remain completely ineffective due to a lack of enforcement mechanisms within maritime monitoring platforms. We argue that ending state fragmentation requires transforming global diplomacy to penalize external sponsor states through targeted international economic sanctions.
Keywords: Proxy Subversion; Libya Conflict; Military Assistance; Insurgency Duration; Weapons Embargo; State Fragmentation
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 15, 2019; Revised: October 05, 2019; Accepted: December 18, 2019; Published: June 15, 2020
Citation: Al-Masri, Y., & Morozov, V. I. (2020). The Geopolitics of Proxy Subversion: Analyzing the Impact of Foreign Military Assistance on Insurgency Duration in Libya. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(6), 46–54. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110601
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2020 | pp. 55–63
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110701
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Youth Unemployment, Relative Deprivation, and Radicalization: A Quantitative Review of Violent Extremism Risks in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia
Authors: Driss Benali¹, Fatuma Hussein²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco; ²Department of Sociology and Social Work, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
Abstract:
The persistent structural exclusion of educated youth within marginalized economic border zones remains a primary internal security vulnerability across post-revolutionary Tunisia. This article presents a quantitative assessment evaluating the statistical relationship between youth unemployment, relative deprivation, and vulnerability to extremist radicalization. Using a structured survey methodology, data was gathered from 720 participants aged 18 to 29 across Kasserine, Sidi Bouzid, and Medenine provinces between 2018 and 2019. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression metrics show that high unemployment alone is not a statistically significant predictor of radicalization vulnerability (p > 0.05). However, when economic exclusion is paired with high perceived corruption and systemic police mistreatment, the correlation rises sharply (R² = 0.61, p < 0.01). The empirical evidence demonstrates that extremist groups exploit structural frustrations with governance failures far more effectively than theological ideas. The study shows that aggressive state security responses often push alienated youth toward underground cells. We recommend shifting public funding away from paramilitary containment toward decentralized job creation and local judicial reforms.
Keywords: Youth Unemployment; Relative Deprivation; Radicalization; Tunisia Security; Structural Exclusion; Extremist Recruitment
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 28, 2019; Revised: October 12, 2019; Accepted: January 05, 2020; Published: July 18, 2020
Citation: Benali, D., & Hussein, F. (2020). Youth Unemployment, Relative Deprivation, and Radicalization: A Quantitative Review of Violent Extremism Risks in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(7), 55–63. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110701
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 8, August 2020 | pp. 64–72
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110801
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Evaluating UN Peacekeeping Performance: Assessing UNMISS Operations and Civilian Protection Strategies in Unity State, South Sudan
Authors: John L. Deng¹, Claire M. Dubois²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Institute for Peace, Development and Security Studies, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan; ²Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Abstract:
Protecting civilian populations within active war zones requires peacekeeping missions to combine tactical flexibility with a proactive military presence. This paper critically evaluates the operational effectiveness of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in protecting rural communities across Unity State from 2018 to 2020. Drawing on field data and 45 key informant interviews with humanitarian directors and local community coordinators, we analyze the constraints limiting UN force deployment. The findings reveal that while UN protection sites successfully saved lives in urban hubs, rural communities remained exposed to cyclical ethnic raids. Quantitative indicators establish that areas located outside a 10 km radius of static UN bases reported a 68% higher rate of livestock looting and village destruction during seasonal offensives. This vulnerability is driven by bureaucratic access restrictions imposed by state forces and a risk-averse field command structure. We conclude that improving civilian protection requires moving away from static base defense toward high-mobility long-range patrols.
Keywords: UNMISS; Peacekeeping Performance; Protection of Civilians; South Sudan Conflict; Tactical Deployment; Security Violations
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 02, 2019; Revised: October 20, 2019; Accepted: January 12, 2020; Published: August 15, 2020
Citation: Deng, J. L., & Dubois, C. M. (2020). Evaluating UN Peacekeeping Performance: Assessing UNMISS Operations and Civilian Protection Strategies in Unity State, South Sudan. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(8), 64–72. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110801
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 9, September 2020 | pp. 73–81
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110901
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Impact of Counter-Terrorism Legislation on Civil Society: A Comparative Review of Post-2016 Security Statutes in Egypt and Turkey
Authors: Nadia M. Al-Shari¹, Youssef Al-Masri²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹School of Computing and Informatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; ²Department of Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Abstract:
Following an escalation in regional security challenges, several states introduced strict counter-terrorism laws designed to safeguard national infrastructure. This paper evaluates the structural impacts of these security laws on the legal and financial space available to independent civil society organizations (CSOs) in Egypt and Turkey up to mid-2020. Using a comparative policy-discourse methodology paired with an institutional tracking survey of 74 domestic human rights groups, we analyze the growth of executive surveillance powers. The legal analysis demonstrates that vaguely written national security clauses have been systematically used to block foreign funding lines and shut down legitimate advocacy platforms. Quantitative indicators reveal a 45% reduction in domestic funding allocations for legal defense NGOs due to aggressive auditing systems. Our findings indicate that suppressing non-violent civil tracking groups harms local trust in public judicial institutions, inadvertently accelerating radicalization within marginalized areas. The study concludes that sustainable security strategies must include independent judicial oversight to protect constitutional liberties.
Keywords: Counter-Terrorism Laws; Civil Society; Executive Oversight; Human Rights; Policy-Discourse; Funding Restrictions
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 14, 2019; Revised: November 02, 2019; Accepted: January 28, 2020; Published: September 12, 2020
Citation: Al-Shari, N. M., & Al-Masri, Y. (2020). The Impact of Counter-Terrorism Legislation on Civil Society: A Comparative Review of Post-2016 Security Statutes in Egypt and Turkey. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(9), 73–81. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110901
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 10, October 2020 | pp. 82–90
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/111001
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Water Disputes: Assessing the Geopolitics of the Indus River Basin
Authors: Siddharth K. Nair¹, Ranil S. Jayawardene²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹School of Global Studies, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; ²Department of Political Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Abstract:
The distribution of scarce transboundary water resources continues to be a primary source of strategic friction and border militarization between nuclear-armed states in South Asia. This paper examines how shifting national sovereignty frameworks and accelerating glacier depletion altered the management of the Indus Waters Treaty up to late 2020. Utilizing a hydropolitical game theory framework combined with satellite environmental data, we simulate the long-term regional impacts of unilateral upstream run-of-the-river dam infrastructure. Our empirical findings demonstrate that uncoordinated water extraction and storage projects have reduced downstream water volumes by 34% in agricultural border regions, causing severe soil salinity and food insecurity. Our regression models establish that a lack of joint data-sharing mechanisms leaves farming communities highly vulnerable to sudden flood events, raising the probability of border clashes by 48%. The article argues that managing transboundary resource conflicts requires moving away from nationalist water claims toward an international framework that treats basin management as a shared environmental asset.
Keywords: Indus River Basin; Hydropolitics; Border Securitization; Resource Scarcity; Water Disputes; Glacier Depletion
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 20, 2019; Revised: November 15, 2019; Accepted: February 05, 2020; Published: October 18, 2020
Citation: Nair, S. K., & Jayawardene, R. S. (2020). Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Water Disputes: Assessing the Geopolitics of the Indus River Basin. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(10), 82–90. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/111001
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 11, November 2020 | pp. 91–99
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/111101
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Peacekeeping: Assessing the Impact of MONUSCO Procurement on Local Food Inflation in Goma
Authors: Jean-Louis Dupont¹, Marcus T. Vance²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Centre de Recherches Internationales, Sciences Po, Paris, France; ²Center for Development and Emergency Practice, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Abstract:
While large-scale international peacekeeping missions are deployed to re-establish civilian safety, their large logistics footprints can introduce significant economic distortions into host environments. This article evaluates the political economy of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), examining how local logistics contracting impacted food security in Goma from 2018 to 2020. Utilizing urban price registries combined with supply chain audits, we measure the microeconomic impacts of peacekeeping procurement on local markets. The quantitative analysis reveals that MONUSCO’s localized supply contracting inadvertently concentrated capital within elite merchant cartels linked to state officials. This concentration caused a 34% spike in the prices of basic local food staples, worsening relative deprivation among displaced populations inside nearby camps. Our statistical models show that urban zones with high peacekeeping procurement concentration experienced a 28% higher rate of commercial extortion disputes. We conclude that future peacekeeping mandates must include independent economic impact tracking to prevent procurement spending from reinforcing war economies.
Keywords: Peacekeeping Economy; MONUSCO; Market Distortion; Food Inflation; Logistics Contracting; Economic Inequity
Manuscript Timeline: Received: September 02, 2019; Revised: November 22, 2019; Accepted: February 18, 2020; Published: November 20, 2020
Citation: Dupont, J. L., & Vance, M. T. (2020). The Political Economy of Peacekeeping: Assessing the Impact of MONUSCO Procurement on Local Food Inflation in Goma. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(11), 91–99. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/111101
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2020 | pp. 1–9
DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110101
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Pandemic Securitization and the Restriction of Democratic Space: Assessing State Emergency Mandates in Post-Transition States
Authors: Aigul N. Sadykova¹, Carlos M. Fuentes²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of International Relations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan; ²Department of International Relations, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
Abstract:
The rapid global spread of COVID-19 in early 2020 prompted national governments to enact sweeping emergency public health measures, presenting an unprecedented test for global democratic governance. This paper examines the early implementation of state emergency mandates in post-transition regimes, evaluating how the securitization of public health affected civil liberties and political dissent. Utilizing a comparative institutional analysis of executive decrees issued in Central Asia and Central America during the initial phase of the outbreak, we track changes in state surveillance powers. The legal analysis demonstrates that broadly defined public safety laws were quickly used to restrict independent journalism and ban non-violent political assemblies. Our statistical models establish that states employing militarized quarantine enforcement regimes showed a 42% spike in human rights complaints and arbitrary detentions compared to states using civilian-led public health models. The study highlights how fragile states can exploit global crises to lock in executive overreach. We argue that preserving democratic stability during emergency transitions requires introducing independent judicial review boards with the explicit power to cancel state emergency mandates.
Keywords: Pandemic Securitization; Emergency Mandates; Civil Liberties; State Surveillance; Executive Overreach; Democratic Governance
Manuscript Timeline: Received: May 12, 2019; Revised: July 20, 2019; Accepted: September 10, 2019; Published: January 20, 2020
Citation: Sadykova, A. N., & Fuentes, C. M. (2020). Pandemic Securitization and the Restriction of Democratic Space: Assessing State Emergency Mandates in Post-Transition States. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(1), 1–9. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110101
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 10, No. 12, December 2019 | pp. 100–108
DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/101201
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Geopolitics of Mineral Supply Chains and Civil Strife: Assessing Corporate Security Alliances in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Jean-Louis Dupont¹, Tari E. Agbamu²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Centre de Recherches Internationales, Sciences Po, Paris, France; ²Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Abstract:
This study investigates the structural dynamics linking international green energy mineral supply chains, corporate security spending, and the persistence of localized rebel violence in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Utilizing a political ecology framework coupled with supply-chain audits and field data gathered across North Kivu between 2017 and 2019, we examine the operational footprints of multinational cobalt and coltan extraction concessions. The field evidence demonstrates that the tactical hiring of public military forces and private security details to protect extraction facilities has fragmented indigenous authority systems and worsened human security indicators. Quantitative metrics establish that communities located near heavily securitized corporate mining zones experience a 48% higher incidence of retaliatory militia raids and illicit mineral smuggling compared to non-securitized mining areas. This trend is driven by unresolved land tenure claims and corporate displacement of local populations. The paper concludes that current international sourcing frameworks fail to verify true compliance at the local level. We argue that regional stability requires establishing legally binding community-corporate benefit agreements that guarantee local asset sharing and environmental restoration.
Keywords: Supply Chains; Resource Conflict; DRC; Corporate Security; Political Ecology; Extraction Concessions
Manuscript Timeline: Received: April 18, 2019; Revised: June 22, 2019; Accepted: August 05, 2019; Published: December 15, 2019
Citation: Dupont, J. L., & Agbamu, T. E. (2019). The Geopolitics of Mineral Supply Chains and Civil Strife: Assessing Corporate Security Alliances in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 10(12), 100–108. DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/101201
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2019 | pp. 91–99
DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/101101
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Frameworks: The Role of Community-Led Psycho-Social Support Networks in Reintegrating FARC Ex-Combatants in Colombia
Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Sarah L. Bernstein²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Abstract:
Formal Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration (DDR) strategies frequently encounter intense friction within civil communities following long-term, identity-based armed conflicts. This paper evaluates the operational efficacy of traditional, community-led psycho-social support mechanisms compared to state-administered vocational programs in supporting former FARC-EP combatants in Colombia. Utilizing a longitudinal tracking methodology, we monitored 310 former insurgent fighters across a three-year post-conflict window ending in late 2018. The quantitative metrics reveal that ex-combatants integrated into rural agricultural cooperatives featuring strong grassroots community support systems recorded a 44% lower score on clinical psychological trauma indexes than those placed in individual urban environments. Furthermore, qualitative focus group assessments show that local cooperative models are more successful at rebuildling inter-communal trust and reducing retaliatory violence because they prioritize shared economic survival over individual legal compensation. The study demonstrates that centralized state DDR kits isolate returning combatants by neglecting community-wide healing dynamics. We argue that ensuring long-term democratic stability requires formally embedding localized cooperative structures into national peace implementation frameworks.
Keywords: DDR; Colombia Peace Accords; FARC Ex-Combatants; Psycho-Social Reintegration; Community Cooperatives; Trust Building
Manuscript Timeline: Received: March 12, 2019; Revised: May 28, 2018; Accepted: July 19, 2019; Published: November 22, 2019
Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Bernstein, S. L. (2019). Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Frameworks: The Role of Community-Led Psycho-Social Support Networks in Reintegrating FARC Ex-Combatants in Colombia. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 10(11), 91–99. DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/101101
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 10, No. 10, October 2019 | pp. 82–90
DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/101001
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Cross-Border Militancy: Assessing Security Dynamics along the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier
Authors: Siddharth K. Nair¹, Amanuel T. Mengistu²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹School of Global Studies, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; ²Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abstract:
The rapid escalation of cross-border insurgent incursions along the Durand Line has redefined regional border security frameworks and heightened geopolitical friction between Pakistan and Afghanistan. This study presents a systematic analysis of the structural drivers behind insurgent movements and evaluates the security outcomes of unilateral state border fencing projects. Utilizing a mixed-methods research framework that combines localized geographical field surveillance data from 2016 to 2018 with key informant security interviews, we dissect border operational vulnerabilities. The field data demonstrates that radical militant networks exploit porous mountainous terrain, deep-seated tribal linkages, and high rural unemployment to establish resilient cross-border logistical hideouts. Quantitative metrics establish that frontier regions operating without integrated, bilateral border coordination matrices experience a 65% higher rate of insurgent encounters and illegal arms smuggling campaigns. The paper demonstrates that heavy-handed tactical military sweeps fail to suppress cross-border networks when they ignore border-community economic integration. We conclude that sustainable frontier stabilization requires transitioning from unilateral fortification toward establishing synchronized, bilateral customs checkpoints and comprehensive tribal economic development programs.
Keywords: Cross-Border Militancy; Frontier Security; Durand Line; Insurgency; Border Securitization; Tribal Governance
Manuscript Timeline: Received: March 01, 2019; Revised: May 15, 2019; Accepted: July 05, 2019; Published: October 14, 2019
Citation: Nair, S. K., & Mengistu, A. T. (2019). Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Cross-Border Militancy: Assessing Security Dynamics along the Pakistan-Afghanistan Frontier. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 10(10), 82–90. DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/101001
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 10, No. 9, September 2019 | pp. 73–81
DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/100901
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating the Legacy of Corporate Accountability for Human Rights Violations in Post-Dictatorship Chile
Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Ziad H. Al-Rifai²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Media Studies, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Abstract:
Transitional justice initiatives heavily prioritize cataloging civil and political rights abuses, while routinely overlooking corporate complicity in systemic state repression and economic crimes. This paper evaluates the structural limitations of post-dictatorship Chile’s reconciliation models concerning the prosecution of private entities that actively supported institutionalized violence. Utilizing comprehensive legal archival datasets, corporate registries, and human rights databases from 1990 to 2018, we measure the long-term socioeconomic impacts of omitting corporate accountability from early peace agreements. The quantitative analysis reveals that industrial networks that profited from land confiscations and illegal labor suppression avoided financial and legal restitution, leaving structural economic inequities completely unaddressed. Our statistical models demonstrate that regions with high historical corporate land capture report a 40% increase in localized social protests and labor disputes over resource distribution. The study concludes that traditional transitional justice frameworks fail to foster deep national reconciliation when they ignore economic violations. We argue that modern democratic stability requires integrating binding corporate accountability frameworks directly into transitional justice mechanisms.
Keywords: Political Economy; Transitional Justice; Corporate Complicity; Chile; Structural Inequality; Economic Violations
Manuscript Timeline: Received: February 12, 2019; Revised: April 22, 2019; Accepted: June 10, 2019; Published: September 18, 2019
Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Al-Rifai, Z. H. (2019). The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating the Legacy of Corporate Accountability for Human Rights Violations in Post-Dictatorship Chile. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 10(9), 73–81. DOI: 10.46882/2019/GJPCS/100901