Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies

Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 8, August 2020 | pp. 64–72

DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110801

Article Type: Original Research Paper

Title: Evaluating UN Peacekeeping Performance: Assessing UNMISS Operations and Civilian Protection Strategies in Unity State, South Sudan

Authors: John L. Deng¹, Claire M. Dubois²

Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Institute for Peace, Development and Security Studies, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan; ²Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

Abstract:
Protecting civilian populations within active war zones requires peacekeeping missions to combine tactical flexibility with a proactive military presence. This paper critically evaluates the operational effectiveness of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in protecting rural communities across Unity State from 2018 to 2020. Drawing on field data and 45 key informant interviews with humanitarian directors and local community coordinators, we analyze the constraints limiting UN force deployment. The findings reveal that while UN protection sites successfully saved lives in urban hubs, rural communities remained exposed to cyclical ethnic raids. Quantitative indicators establish that areas located outside a 10 km radius of static UN bases reported a 68% higher rate of livestock looting and village destruction during seasonal offensives. This vulnerability is driven by bureaucratic access restrictions imposed by state forces and a risk-averse field command structure. We conclude that improving civilian protection requires moving away from static base defense toward high-mobility long-range patrols.

Keywords: UNMISS; Peacekeeping Performance; Protection of Civilians; South Sudan Conflict; Tactical Deployment; Security Violations

Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 02, 2019; Revised: October 20, 2019; Accepted: January 12, 2020; Published: August 15, 2020

Citation: Deng, J. L., & Dubois, C. M. (2020). Evaluating UN Peacekeeping Performance: Assessing UNMISS Operations and Civilian Protection Strategies in Unity State, South Sudan. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(8), 64–72. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110801

Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2020 | pp. 55–63

DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110701

Article Type: Original Research Paper

Title: Youth Unemployment, Relative Deprivation, and Radicalization: A Quantitative Review of Violent Extremism Risks in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia

Authors: Driss Benali¹, Fatuma Hussein²

Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco; ²Department of Sociology and Social Work, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya

Abstract:
The persistent structural exclusion of educated youth within marginalized economic border zones remains a primary internal security vulnerability across post-revolutionary Tunisia. This article presents a quantitative assessment evaluating the statistical relationship between youth unemployment, relative deprivation, and vulnerability to extremist radicalization. Using a structured survey methodology, data was gathered from 720 participants aged 18 to 29 across Kasserine, Sidi Bouzid, and Medenine provinces between 2018 and 2019. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression metrics show that high unemployment alone is not a statistically significant predictor of radicalization vulnerability (p > 0.05). However, when economic exclusion is paired with high perceived corruption and systemic police mistreatment, the correlation rises sharply (R² = 0.61, p < 0.01). The empirical evidence demonstrates that extremist groups exploit structural frustrations with governance failures far more effectively than theological ideas. The study shows that aggressive state security responses often push alienated youth toward underground cells. We recommend shifting public funding away from paramilitary containment toward decentralized job creation and local judicial reforms.

Keywords: Youth Unemployment; Relative Deprivation; Radicalization; Tunisia Security; Structural Exclusion; Extremist Recruitment

Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 28, 2019; Revised: October 12, 2019; Accepted: January 05, 2020; Published: July 18, 2020

Citation: Benali, D., & Hussein, F. (2020). Youth Unemployment, Relative Deprivation, and Radicalization: A Quantitative Review of Violent Extremism Risks in Post-Revolutionary Tunisia. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(7), 55–63. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110701

Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 6, June 2020 | pp. 46–54

DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110601

Article Type: Original Research Paper

Title: The Geopolitics of Proxy Subversion: Analyzing the Impact of Foreign Military Assistance on Insurgency Duration in Libya

Authors: Youssef Al-Masri¹, Viktor I. Morozov²

Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; ²Department of International Security Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russian Federation

Abstract:
The expansion of internationalized civil conflict following the collapse of centralized state power in Libya has turned localized rivalries into an intense proxy war. This study examines how competing foreign military assistance programs, automated drone shipments, and private mercenary deployments impacted the duration and scale of fighting from 2018 to early 2020. Employing a structural realist framework alongside military cargo intelligence databases, we calculate the material assets provided to competing domestic factions. The findings reveal that asymmetric external logistics support, combined with high-altitude drone operations, dismantled domestic political negotiation initiatives. Quantitative tracking establishes that whenever foreign arms shipments increased, the duration of local military stalemates extended by an average of 18 months, causing a 52% surge in civilian casualties within urban conflict zones. The paper demonstrates that international weapons embargoes remain completely ineffective due to a lack of enforcement mechanisms within maritime monitoring platforms. We argue that ending state fragmentation requires transforming global diplomacy to penalize external sponsor states through targeted international economic sanctions.

Keywords: Proxy Subversion; Libya Conflict; Military Assistance; Insurgency Duration; Weapons Embargo; State Fragmentation

Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 15, 2019; Revised: October 05, 2019; Accepted: December 18, 2019; Published: June 15, 2020

Citation: Al-Masri, Y., & Morozov, V. I. (2020). The Geopolitics of Proxy Subversion: Analyzing the Impact of Foreign Military Assistance on Insurgency Duration in Libya. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(6), 46–54. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110601

Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 5, May 2020 | pp. 37–45

DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110501

Article Type: Original Research Paper

Title: Climate Security, Cross-Border Displacement, and Humanitarian Governance: Evaluating Institutional Resilience in the Lake Chad Basin

Authors: Amina J. Diallo¹, Emmanuel N. Obi²

Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; ²Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Yaoundé II, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Abstract:
The convergence of accelerating ecological collapse and insurgent violence across the Lake Chad Basin has created a complex humanitarian crisis, testing regional refugee protection models. This paper explores the relationship between climate-induced environmental degradation, forced migration, and local resource competition along the Cameroon-Nigeria frontier up to 2020. Utilizing geographical environmental tracking metrics combined with household surveys among 680 displaced families, we analyze the capacity of regional humanitarian networks. The empirical data reveals that the shrinking surface area of Lake Chad has eliminated traditional agrarian livelihoods, driving a 62% increase in unplanned population movement toward urban perimeter zones. Our statistical models show that refugee settlements lacking coordinated water allocation frameworks experience a 45% higher incidence of inter-communal clashes between displaced groups and host populations over shared pasture land. The study highlights the failure of humanitarian programs that treat migration as a short-term emergency rather than a structural ecological change. We conclude that regional stability requires integrating long-term climate adaptation funding directly into border security architectures.

Keywords: Climate Security; Lake Chad Basin; Forced Displacement; Humanitarian Governance; Resource Scarcity; Community Conflict

Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 05, 2019; Revised: September 18, 2019; Accepted: December 02, 2019; Published: May 12, 2020

Citation: Diallo, A. J., & Obi, E. N. (2020). Climate Security, Cross-Border Displacement, and Humanitarian Governance: Evaluating Institutional Resilience in the Lake Chad Basin. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(5), 37–45. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110501

Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 4, April 2020 | pp. 28–36

DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110401

Article Type: Original Research Paper

Title: The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reparations: Assessing Land Restitution Failure and Agrarian Tension in Post-Accord Colombia

Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Sibusiso K. Khumalo²

Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Department of Public Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract:
Sustainable transitional justice frameworks depend on the timely execution of economic reparations and land restitution to redress historical structural marginalization. This study analyzes the political economy of land redistribution programs in Colombia following the 2016 Havana peace agreement, tracking institutional performance up to early 2020. Utilizing agrarian registry data alongside field interviews with 110 displaced smallholders, we examine the structural barriers slowing rural justice. The quantitative findings indicate that less than 12% of formalized rural land claims have resulted in secure legal titles, leaving structural property imbalances uncorrected. Our regression models establish that rural municipalities with lagging restitution timelines report a 38% increase in land invasions and localized violence from re-mobilized paramilitary groups. This trend is driven by bureaucratic obstruction and corporate opposition to returning confiscated lands. The article concludes that symbolic transitional justice achievements cannot prevent conflict when material wealth disparities remain unchanged. We argue that long-term stabilization requires creating independent land tribunals backed by direct state enforcement mechanisms.

Keywords: Land Restitution; Colombia Peace Accord; Political Economy; Agrarian Grievances; Reparations Failure; Paramilitary Mobilization

Manuscript Timeline: Received: June 22, 2019; Revised: September 05, 2019; Accepted: November 18, 2019; Published: April 15, 2020

Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Khumalo, S. K. (2020). The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reparations: Assessing Land Restitution Failure and Agrarian Tension in Post-Accord Colombia. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(4), 28–36. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110401

Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 11, No. 3, March 2020 | pp. 19–27

DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110301

Article Type: Original Research Paper

Title: Evaluating Regional Cybersecurity Alliances: Assessing NATO's Baltic Cyber Defense Architecture Against Asymmetric Threats

Authors: Sarah L. Bernstein¹, Alexei V. Volkov²

Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; ²Department of Information Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia

Abstract:
Asymmetric digital warfare targeting state information grids has emerged as a primary instrument of contemporary geopolitical intimidation and territorial destabilization. This paper evaluates the structural integration and operational readiness of NATO's Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE) in protecting Baltic critical infrastructure from 2017 to 2019. Using a structural realist analytical model paired with quantitative cyber-incident logs, we dissect the coordination challenges facing regional defense alliances. The empirical results show that while the alliance has successfully standardized emergency response procedures for public entities, severe communication gaps persist within public-private telecom partnerships. Statistical threat modeling indicates that private digital service providers operating without centralized military encryption linkages face an 84% higher vulnerability to systemic state-backed data alteration campaigns. The study highlights how the lack of a unified definition for cyber-warfare actions complicates the enforcement of mutual defense obligations. We argue that building long-term digital resilience requires updating international legal doctrines to treat large-scale infrastructure cyberattacks as kinetic border violations.

Keywords: Cybersecurity Alliances; NATO Baltic Defense; Asymmetric Threats; Infrastructure Protection; Digital Warfare; Mutual Security

Manuscript Timeline: Received: June 10, 2019; Revised: August 28, 2019; Accepted: November 02, 2019; Published: March 18, 2020

Citation: Bernstein, S. L., & Volkov, A. V. (2020). Evaluating Regional Cybersecurity Alliances: Assessing NATO's Baltic Cyber Defense Architecture Against Asymmetric Threats. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 11(3), 19–27. DOI: 10.46882/2020/GJPCS/110301