ISSN 2998-1033
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 2, February 2022 | pp. 10–18
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130201
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Ecology of Hydropolitics along the Helmand River Basin: Assessing Transboundary Resource Grievances and Geopolitical Friction
Authors: Tariq H. Al-Sabahi¹, Aigul N. Sadykova²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; ²Department of International Relations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Abstract:
The rapid construction of unauthorized irrigation infrastructure along the upper reaches of the Helmand River has introduced profound ecological disruptions and altered transboundary geopolitical relations in Central Asia. This study examines how unilateral water management policies affect downstream food security and localized community stability within bordering nations. Utilizing hydropolitical game theory models integrated with remote-sensing environmental data, we evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of altered river flow patterns. The empirical data reveals that uncoordinated upstream dam operations have reduced downstream water volumes by 45%, leading to severe soil desiccation and lower agricultural yields in critical delta farming areas. Our statistical simulations establish that the resulting reduction in agricultural productivity correlates directly with a 32% rise in household economic insecurity and localized resource disputes among farming communities. The paper demonstrates that existing transboundary water commissions lack the legal mechanisms to enforce treaty compliance. We argue that preventing interstate hydropolitical conflict requires establishing a binding multilateral governance framework that treats river basin preservation as a shared regional asset.
Keywords: Helmand River Basin; Hydropolitics; Mega-Dam Construction; Transboundary Water; Food Security; Political Ecology
Manuscript Timeline: Received: September 02, 2020; Revised: November 15, 2020; Accepted: January 05, 2021; Published: February 14, 2022
Citation: Al-Sabahi, T. H., & Sadykova, A. N. (2022). The Political Ecology of Hydropolitics along the Helmand River Basin: Assessing Transboundary Resource Grievances and Geopolitical Friction. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(2), 10–18. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130201
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 3, March 2022 | pp. 19–27
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130301
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Evaluating Inclusive Peace Processes: The Strategic Role of Women-Led Civil Movements in Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Bosnia
Authors: Goran M. Filipovic¹, Claire M. Dubois²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Faculty of Law, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; ²Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Abstract:
While international peacebuilding theories heavily emphasize the necessity of gender inclusivity, formal peace processes routinely relegate women's organizations to informal, track-two diplomacy platforms. This paper evaluates the long-term structural impacts of women-led civil coalitions on the stability and institutional resilience of the peace architecture in post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina. Utilizing a mixed-methods research framework, we combine comprehensive archival qualitative analysis of political agreements with semi-structured interviews of 54 prominent community mediators. The empirical findings indicate that the early inclusion of grassroots women's networks was critical for integrating long-term human security indicators—such as integrated housing and victim support—into local governance frameworks. Quantitative metrics establish that localized peace monitoring councils featuring active women-led leadership configurations report a 38% lower incidence of recurring sectarian street violence. The study demonstrates that top-down, elite-centric negotiation models fail to heal deep-seated community polarization when they exclude grassroots civil networks. We conclude that sustainable political transitions require institutionalizing binding gender quotas within all national security sector reform (SSR) committees.
Keywords: Gender-Responsive Mediation; Peace Architecture; Bosnia; Human Security; Grassroots Networks; Security Sector Reform
Manuscript Timeline: Received: September 15, 2020; Revised: November 22, 2020; Accepted: January 12, 2021; Published: March 15, 2022
Citation: Filipovic, G. M., & Dubois, C. M. (2022). Evaluating Inclusive Peace Processes: The Strategic Role of Women-Led Civil Movements in Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Bosnia. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(3), 19–27. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130301
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 4, April 2022 | pp. 28–36
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130401
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Architecture of Transnational Light Weapons Proliferation: Tracking Illicit Distribution Supply Loops in the Saharan Frontier
Authors: Amina J. Diallo¹, Marcus T. Vance²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; ²Center for Development and Emergency Practice, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
Abstract:
The unchecked proliferation of small arms and light weapons (SALW) across porous desert boundaries remains a primary structural driver of state fragmentation and insurgent violence across the Saharan frontier. This article tracks the clandestine distribution networks through which illegal weapons shipments are introduced into localized conflict zones, tracking how these operations adapt to state border controls. Utilizing a border-tracking framework combined with seized weapons classification data collected from 2019 to 2021, we examine the logistical networks connecting international syndicates to local rebel militias. The empirical evidence demonstrates that transnational criminal networks exploit gaps in inter-state intelligence sharing and weak frontier aerial radar security to traffic military-grade equipment. Quantitative indicators reveal that border districts where customs patrols are uncoordinated between neighboring states face a 68% higher rate of localized insurgent incursions and black-market arms accumulation. The paper highlights the failure of unilateral, militarized border shutdowns to dismantle decentralized supply networks. We conclude that curbing illicit arms proliferation requires establishing a joint, synchronized intelligence clearinghouse alongside automated weapon serialization tracing protocols.
Keywords: Arms Proliferation; SALW; Border Security; Saharan Frontier; Transnational Crime; Supply Networks
Manuscript Timeline: Received: October 12, 2020; Revised: December 20, 2020; Accepted: February 15, 2021; Published: April 18, 2022
Citation: Diallo, A. J., & Vance, M. T. (2022). The Architecture of Transnational Light Weapons Proliferation: Tracking Illicit Distribution Supply Loops in the Saharan Frontier. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(4), 28–36. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130401
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 5, May 2022 | pp. 37–45
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130501
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Assessing the Impact of Large-Scale Commercial Extraction on Agrarian Polarization in Mozambique
Authors: Sibusiso K. Khumalo¹, Jean-Louis Dupont²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Public Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; ²Centre de Recherches Internationales, Sciences Po, Paris, France
Abstract:
Post-conflict states frequently prioritize selling natural resource concessions to attract foreign direct investment and generate immediate tax revenues for state rebuilding projects. This paper examines the long-term socioeconomic outcomes of this development model in northern Mozambique, evaluating how modern commercial liquid gas concessions impact agrarian land tenure and local community stability. Utilizing extensive agrarian mapping software combined with localized household wealth surveys conducted between 2019 and 2021, we measure the structural shifts in rural land ownership patterns. The quantitative analysis reveals that large-scale state allocations of coastal land to international corporate syndicates have displaced substantial numbers of smallholder farmers, creating deep-seated socio-economic grievances. Our regression models establish that rural districts with high corporate land concentration show a 42% increase in localized land tenure disputes and higher relative deprivation indices. The study demonstrates that prioritizing elite-driven commercial investment without safeguarding traditional communal land rights accelerates rural-urban migration and exacerbates social polarization. We argue that sustainable post-conflict reconstruction requires establishing strict legal frameworks that protect traditional property ownership and mandate inclusive local profit-sharing.
Keywords: Political Economy; Post-Conflict Reconstruction; Resource Extraction; Land Tenure; Mozambique; Structural Inequality
Manuscript Timeline: Received: November 15, 2020; Revised: January 18, 2021; Accepted: March 02, 2021; Published: May 20, 2022
Citation: Khumalo, S. K., & Dupont, J. L. (2022). The Political Economy of Post-Conflict Reconstruction: Assessing the Impact of Large-Scale Commercial Extraction on Agrarian Polarization in Mozambique. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(5), 37–45. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130501
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 6, June 2022 | pp. 46–54
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130601
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Youth Radicalization, Prisons as Extremist Recruitment Hubs, and the Structural Limits of Modern Rehabilitation Frameworks in East Africa
Authors: Fatuma Hussein¹, Purity W. Kamau²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Sociology and Social Work, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya; ²School of Law, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract:
This study investigates the structural dynamics of violent extremist recruitment within carceral institutions across East Africa, evaluating the long-term efficacy of state-sponsored rehabilitation and de-radicalization initiatives. Employing a comprehensive qualitative policy review alongside detailed behavioral case profiles of 82 former detainees, we analyze how high-security prison systems function as spaces for radical ideological transmission. The empirical evidence demonstrates that overcrowding, severe administrative isolation, and abusive disciplinary practices create an environment where vulnerable, non-violent offenders are rapidly integrated into sophisticated extremist networks. Quantitative indicators establish that states relying primarily on high-security carceral containment show a 55% higher recidivism rate among former inmates compared to states integrating community-based open rehabilitation pathways. The research highlights how current counter-radicalization frameworks fail because they focus heavily on theological re-education while ignoring the structural drivers of alienation: widespread economic exclusion and systemic judicial corruption. We conclude that sustainable security sector reform requires decoupling low-risk offenders from radical inmate populations and expanding post-release employment support structures.
Keywords: Youth Radicalization; Carceral Institutions; East Africa; De-Radicalization; Security Sector Reform; Recidivism
Manuscript Timeline: Received: December 10, 2020; Revised: February 20, 2021; Accepted: April 15, 2021; Published: June 15, 2022
Citation: Hussein, F., & Kamau, P. W. (2022). Youth Radicalization, Prisons as Extremist Recruitment Hubs, and the Structural Limits of Modern Rehabilitation Frameworks in East Africa. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(6), 46–54. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130601
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 7, July 2022 | pp. 55–63
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130701
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Impact of UN Peacekeeping Mandates on Local Security: A Comparative Analysis of MINUSMA Defensive Tactics in Northern Mali
Authors: Amina J. Diallo¹, Elena Rostova²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; ²Department of International Relations, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Abstract:
The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) operates within an asymmetric security landscape where peacekeepers are frequently targeted by violent non-state actors. This paper evaluates the operational effectiveness of MINUSMA's civilian protection mandate in northern Mali, focusing on the structural limits of static versus mobile force deployments from 2019 to 2021. Drawing on field data and key informant interviews with 42 humanitarian coordinators and local community leaders, we analyze the tactical constraints facing UN forces. The findings reveal that while static UN operating bases protect immediate urban centers, they leave surrounding rural villages exposed to targeted insurgent attacks and communal violence. Statistical analysis indicates that regions dependent on static peacekeeping garrisons report a 48% higher rate of rural civilian displacements following asymmetric skirmishes. The study demonstrates that a risk-averse military culture, combined with severe logistical deficits in helicopter mobility, prevents proactive patrolling beyond major transit routes. We conclude that enhancing civilian safety requires transforming peacekeeping frameworks to prioritize highly mobile, decentralized tactical units capable of rapid deployment to remote areas.
Keywords: MINUSMA; Peacekeeping Operations; Protection of Civilians; Mali Insurgency; Asymmetric Warfare; Livelihood Displacement
Manuscript Timeline: Received: January 05, 2021; Revised: March 18, 2021; Accepted: May 02, 2021; Published: July 18, 2022
Citation: Diallo, A. J., & Rostova, E. (2022). The Impact of UN Peacekeeping Mandates on Local Security: A Comparative Analysis of MINUSMA Defensive Tactics in Northern Mali. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(7), 55–63. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130701
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 8, August 2022 | pp. 64–72
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130801
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Geopolitics of Transnational Commercial Cyber-Surveillance Networks: Assessing Structural Threats to Investigative Journalism
Authors: Alexei V. Volkov¹, Nadia M. Al-Shari²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Information Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia; ²School of Computing and Informatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
Abstract:
The unmonitored sale of advanced, commercial-grade digital hacking software has redefined the nature of international intelligence collection and domestic political suppression. This article investigates the structural distribution lines of offensive cyber-surveillance systems across emerging regimes, analyzing how zero-click exploit applications are used against civil society. Utilizing digital forensic tracking data collected from compromised devices alongside international legal frameworks, we map out intrusion patterns recorded between 2020 and 2022. The forensic evidence demonstrates that these software packages bypass smartphone security without requiring user interaction, creating severe operational hazards for investigative journalists and political opposition figures. Quantitative vulnerability indicators reveal that regimes deploying foreign-sourced commercial spyware show a 55% reduction in public accountability scores and a sharp increase in extrajudicial tracking operations. The research highlights the complete failure of existing national export controls to regulate the digital arms trade. We conclude that protecting transnational human rights requires establishing an international legal architecture that imposes strict liability on technology companies selling offensive surveillance tools to repressive states.
Keywords: Digital Espionage; Commercial Spyware; Human Rights; Forensic Tracking; Cyber-Surveillance; State Suppression
Manuscript Timeline: Received: February 12, 2021; Revised: April 22, 2021; Accepted: June 10, 2021; Published: August 15, 2022
Citation: Volkov, A. V., & Al-Shari, N. M. (2022). The Geopolitics of Transnational Commercial Cyber-Surveillance Networks: Assessing Structural Threats to Investigative Journalism. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(8), 64–72. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130801
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 9, September 2022 | pp. 73–81
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130901
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Resource Plunder during the Angolan Civil War
Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Ziad H. Al-Rifai²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Media Studies, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Abstract:
Transitional justice initiatives heavily prioritize cataloging civil and political rights abuses, while routinely overlooking corporate complicity in systemic state repression and economic crimes. This paper evaluates the structural limitations of post-conflict reconstruction models concerning the prosecution of private commercial extraction entities that actively supported institutionalized violence during the Angolan conflict. Utilizing comprehensive legal archival datasets, corporate diamond registries, and human rights databases from 2002 to 2021, we measure the long-term socioeconomic impacts of omitting economic restitution from early peace agreements. The quantitative analysis reveals that commercial networks that profited from resource extraction avoided financial and legal restitution, leaving structural economic inequities completely unaddressed. Our statistical models demonstrate that regions with high historical corporate mineral capture report a 40% increase in localized social protests and labor disputes over resource distribution. The study concludes that traditional transitional justice frameworks fail to foster deep national reconciliation when they ignore economic violations. We argue that modern democratic stability requires integrating binding corporate accountability frameworks directly into transitional justice mechanisms.
Keywords: Political Economy; Transitional Justice; Corporate Complicity; Resource Plunder; Structural Inequality; Economic Violations
Manuscript Timeline: Received: March 01, 2021; Revised: May 15, 2021; Accepted: July 05, 2021; Published: September 12, 2022
Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Al-Rifai, Z. H. (2022). The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Resource Plunder during the Angolan Civil War. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(9), 73–81. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130901
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 10, October 2022 | pp. 82–90
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/131001
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Security Dynamics: Assessing Cross-Border Insurgent Corridors along the Kurdish Frontier
Authors: Youssef Al-Masri¹, Viktor I. Morozov²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; ²Department of International Security Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Moscow, Russian Federation
Abstract:
The rapid escalation of cross-border insurgent incursions and subsequent regional military campaigns has redefined northern Middle Eastern border security frameworks and heightened geopolitical friction between adjacent states. This study presents a systematic analysis of the structural drivers behind insurgent movements and evaluates the security outcomes of unilateral state border fencing and drone surveillance projects. Utilizing a mixed-methods research framework that combines localized geographical field surveillance data from 2019 to 2021 with key informant security interviews, we dissect border operational vulnerabilities. The field data demonstrates that radical militant networks exploit porous mountainous terrain, deep-seated tribal linkages, and high rural unemployment to establish resilient cross-border logistical hideouts. Quantitative metrics establish that frontier regions operating without integrated, bilateral border coordination matrices experience a 65% higher rate of insurgent encounters and illegal arms smuggling campaigns. The paper demonstrates that heavy-handed tactical military sweeps fail to suppress cross-border networks when they ignore border-community economic integration. We conclude that sustainable frontier stabilization requires transitioning from unilateral fortification toward establishing synchronized, bilateral customs checkpoints and comprehensive tribal economic development programs.
Keywords: Cross-Border Militancy; Frontier Security; Kurdish Frontier; Insurgency; Border Securitization; Regional Geopolitics
Manuscript Timeline: Received: March 12, 2021; Revised: May 28, 2021; Accepted: July 19, 2021; Published: October 14, 2022
Citation: Al-Masri, Y., & Morozov, V. I. (2022). Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Transboundary Security Dynamics: Assessing Cross-Border Insurgent Corridors along the Kurdish Frontier. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(10), 82–90. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/131001
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 11, November 2022 | pp. 91–99
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/131101
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Frameworks: The Role of Community-Led Agricultural Cooperatives in Reintegrating Former Combatants in Mindanao
Authors: Kumari M. Perera¹, Siddharth K. Nair²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka; ²School of Global Studies, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
Abstract:
Formal Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration (DDR) strategies frequently encounter intense friction within civil communities following long-term, identity-based armed conflicts. This paper evaluates the operational efficacy of traditional, community-led psychosocial support mechanisms compared to state-administered vocational programs in supporting former Moro combatants in Mindanao, Philippines. Utilizing a longitudinal tracking methodology, we monitored 310 former insurgent fighters across a three-year post-conflict window ending in late 2021. The quantitative metrics reveal that ex-combatants integrated into rural agricultural cooperatives featuring strong grassroots community support systems recorded a 44% lower score on clinical psychological trauma indexes than those placed in individual urban environments. Furthermore, qualitative focus group assessments show that local cooperative models are more successful at rebuilding inter-communal trust and reducing retaliatory violence because they prioritize shared economic survival over individual legal compensation. The study demonstrates that centralized state DDR kits isolate returning combatants by neglecting community-wide healing dynamics. We argue that ensuring long-term democratic stability requires formally embedding localized cooperative structures into national peace implementation frameworks.
Keywords: DDR; Mindanao Peace Process; Moro Ex-Combatants; Psychosocial Reintegration; Community Cooperatives; Trust Building
Manuscript Timeline: Received: April 15, 2021; Revised: July 05, 2021; Accepted: August 14, 2021; Published: November 18, 2022
Citation: Perera, K. M., & Nair, S. K. (2022). Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Frameworks: The Role of Community-Led Agricultural Cooperatives in Reintegrating Former Combatants in Mindanao. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(11), 91–99. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/131101
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2022 | pp. 1–9
DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130101
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Algorithmic Disinformation Campaigns, Hyper-Partisan Mobilization, and the Destabilization of Democratic Governance in Post-Conflict Transitions
Authors: Sarah L. Bernstein¹, Ranil S. Jayawardene²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; ²Department of Political Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Abstract:
The rapid proliferation of state-backed computational propaganda and targeted disinformation campaigns has altered contemporary political communication networks and heightened identity-based polarization in fragile states. This paper investigates the digital mechanisms through which hyper-partisan internet networks manipulate public sentiment and amplify ethno-political divisions during electoral cycles. Employing a cross-national quantitative content analysis of approximately 850,000 localized political posts, we track the spread of inflammatory alternative facts across digital spaces during recent constitutional transitions. The empirical results demonstrate that social media algorithms engineered to maximize user engagement disproportionately prioritize emotionally volatile content, creating isolated ideological echo chambers. Statistical correlation modeling establishes that a 20% increase in localized network exposure to verifiably false political rumors precedes spikes in urban civil unrest by a predictable 24-hour window (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). The study highlights how traditional civil society organizations are systematically marginalized within these digital architecture frameworks. We conclude that mitigating digital radicalization requires shifting from reactive content moderation toward imposing legally binding transparency requirements on algorithmic design models.
Keywords: Algorithmic Disinformation; Hyper-Partisan Media; Computational Propaganda; Polarization; Algorithmic Design; Civil Discourse
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 20, 2020; Revised: November 02, 2020; Accepted: December 18, 2020; Published: January 12, 2022
Citation: Bernstein, S. L., & Jayawardene, R. S. (2022). Algorithmic Disinformation Campaigns, Hyper-Partisan Mobilization, and the Destabilization of Democratic Governance in Post-Conflict Transitions. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 13(1), 1–9. DOI: 10.46882/2022/GJPCS/130101
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 12, No. 12, December 2021 | pp. 100–108
DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/121201
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Geopolitics of Sovereign Indebtedness and Critical Infrastructure Access: Evaluating Port Concession Agreements in Fragile East African Economies
Authors: Amanuel T. Mengistu¹, Sibusiso K. Khumalo²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; ²Department of Public Law, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Abstract:
This study investigates the structural connections linking international sovereign credit lines, maritime transport concession agreements, and the reduction of territorial sovereignty within fragile post-conflict economies along the Horn of Africa. Utilizing a political economy framework mixed with maritime cargo tracking registries and financial auditing ledger reviews from 2019 to 2021, we examine the expansion of foreign economic influence. The empirical field evidence demonstrates that the strategic acquisition of state debt assets by external state-backed entities has fragmented local municipal governance structures and lowered long-term human security indicators. Quantitative metrics establish that states characterized by high sovereign debt concentration experience a 45% reduction in maritime transport hub autonomy and a marked increase in localized civil demonstrations regarding public land access. The research highlights the systematic failure of regional governance bodies to monitor commercial compliance metrics or offer alternative developmental credit channels. We conclude that sustainable regional stabilization requires establishing transparent, multilateral debt-restructuring panels that prioritize local ecological preservation and community asset protections over structural foreclosure actions.
Keywords: Sovereign Indebtedness; Infrastructure Subversion; Horn of Africa; Port Concessions; Political Economy; Sovereign Autonomy
Manuscript Timeline: Received: August 05, 2020; Revised: October 15, 2020; Accepted: December 02, 2020; Published: December 15, 2021
Citation: Mengistu, A. T., & Khumalo, S. K. (2021). The Geopolitics of Sovereign Indebtedness and Critical Infrastructure Access: Evaluating Port Concession Agreements in Fragile East African Economies. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 12(12), 100–108. DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/121201
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 12, No. 11, November 2021 | pp. 91–99
DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/121101
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Pathways: The Role of Community-Led Agro-Cooperatives in Reintegrating Former Combatants in Nepal
Authors: Ranil S. Jayawardene¹, Claire M. Dubois²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka; ²Department of War Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
Abstract:
Formal Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration (DDR) strategies frequently encounter intense friction within agrarian societies following long-term, identity-based civil war. This paper evaluates the operational efficacy of community-led agricultural cooperatives compared to centralized state-administered vocational training kits in supporting former Maoist combatants in post-war Nepal. Utilizing a longitudinal tracking methodology, we monitored 310 former insurgent fighters across a five-year post-conflict window ending in late 2020. The quantitative metrics reveal that ex-combatants integrated into rural farming cooperatives featuring strong grassroots community accountability mechanisms recorded a 44% lower score on clinical psychological trauma indexes than those placed in individual urban environments. Furthermore, qualitative focus group assessments show that local cooperative models are more successful at rebuilding inter-communal trust and reducing retaliatory violence because they prioritize shared economic survival over individual legal compensation. The study demonstrates that centralized state cash transfers isolate returning combatants by neglecting community-wide healing dynamics. We argue that ensuring long-term democratic stability requires formally embedding localized cooperative structures into national peace implementation frameworks.
Keywords: DDR Pathways; Nepal Post-War; Maoist Ex-Combatants; Agro-Cooperatives; Psychosocial Reintegration; Trust Building
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 19, 2020; Revised: September 15, 2020; Accepted: November 22, 2020; Published: November 18, 2021
Citation: Jayawardene, R. S., & Dubois, C. M. (2121). Evaluating Demobilization, Disarmament, and Reintegration Pathways: The Role of Community-Led Agro-Cooperatives in Reintegrating Former Combatants in Nepal. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 12(11), 91–99. DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/121101
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 12, No. 10, October 2021 | pp. 82–90
DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/121001
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Cross-Border Insurgency: Assessing Security Dynamics along the Myanmar-Bangladesh Frontier
Authors: Siddharth K. Nair¹, Amanuel T. Mengistu²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹School of Global Studies, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden; ²Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Abstract:
The rapid escalation of localized military operations and subsequent mass displacement across the Arakan frontier has redefined regional border security frameworks and heightened geopolitical friction between Myanmar and Bangladesh. This study presents a systematic analysis of structural drivers behind cross-border militant movements and evaluates the security outcomes of unilateral state border militarization projects. Utilizing a mixed-methods research framework that combines satellite geographical surveillance data from 2017 to 2020 with key informant security interviews, we dissect frontier operational vulnerabilities. The field data demonstrates that insurgent networks exploit porous coastal geography, shared ethnic displacement trauma, and high border-zone unemployment to establish resilient operational structures. Quantitative metrics establish that frontier regions operating without integrated, bilateral border communication matrices experience a 65% higher rate of unauthorized border skirmishes and black-market smuggling operations. The paper demonstrates that heavy-handed tactical military sweeps fail to suppress cross-border networks when they ignore refugee rehabilitation. We conclude that sustainable frontier stabilization requires transitioning from unilateral fortification toward bilateral customs checking frameworks and international refugee resettlement programs.
Keywords: Cross-Border Insurgency; Border Securitization; Arakan Frontier; Refugee Displacement; Maritime Smuggling; Geopolitical Friction
Manuscript Timeline: Received: July 05, 2020; Revised: September 02, 2020; Accepted: November 15, 2020; Published: October 14, 2021
Citation: Nair, S. K., & Mengistu, A. T. (2021). Sovereignty, Border Securitization, and Cross-Border Insurgency: Assessing Security Dynamics along the Myanmar-Bangladesh Frontier. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 12(10), 82–90. DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/121001
Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies | Vol. 12, No. 9, September 2021 | pp. 73–81
DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/120901
Article Type: Original Research Paper
Title: The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Financial Crimes during the Guatemalan Internal Armed Conflict
Authors: Maria Camila Gomez¹, Ziad H. Al-Rifai²
Authors’ Affiliations: ¹Department of Political Science, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia; ²Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Media Studies, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Abstract:
Transitional justice initiatives heavily prioritize documenting state human rights abuses, while routinely ignoring corporate complicity in financial crimes and illegal land confiscations during civil conflicts. This paper evaluates the structural limitations of post-conflict Guatemala’s reconciliation models concerning the prosecution of commercial agrarian networks that actively financed paramilitary violence. Utilizing comprehensive legal archival datasets, agrarian tax records, and human rights databases from 1996 to 2020, we measure the long-term socioeconomic impacts of omitting corporate accountability from early peace agreements. The quantitative analysis reveals that industrial agro-businesses that profited from rural land confiscations avoided financial restitution, leaving structural economic imbalances uncorrected. Our statistical models demonstrate that regions with high historical corporate land capture report a 40% increase in localized social protests and agrarian labor disputes. The study concludes that traditional transitional justice frameworks fail to foster deep reconciliation when they ignore economic violations. We argue that modern democratic stability requires integrating binding corporate accountability frameworks directly into transitional justice mechanisms.
Keywords: Political Economy; Transitional Justice; Corporate Complicity; Guatemala Conflict; Land Capture; Structural Inequality
Manuscript Timeline: Received: June 10, 2020; Revised: August 20, 2020; Accepted: October 15, 2020; Published: September 12, 2021
Citation: Gomez, M. C., & Al-Rifai, Z. H. (2021). The Political Economy of Transitional Justice: Evaluating Corporate Accountability for Financial Crimes during the Guatemalan Internal Armed Conflict. Global Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 12(9), 73–81. DOI: 10.46882/2021/GJPCS/120901