African Journal of Parasitology Research

African Journal of Parasitology Research  ISSN 2343-6549 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Toxoplasmosis Seroprevalence in pregnant women and in sheep and goats intended for human consumption in Dakar, using Direct Agglutination High sensitivity techniques

Jean Louis A Ndiaye¹, Babacar Faye², Nasra Idarousse², Doudou Sow², Amy Colle Lo², Fatou Coulibaly³, Isaac A Manga², Maguette Ndiaye², Khadim Sylla², Roger Clement Tine², Oumar Gaye²

¹Department of Parasitology, University of Thies, Senegal.

²Department of Parasitology, University Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegal.

³Korogho University, Ivory Coat.

Accepted 20 January, 2019

Abstract

Many studies have identified meat as an important vehicle for Toxoplasma gondii human contamination. In Senegal, meat consumption is important, consequently, humans are exposed. However, few data are available on toxoplasmosis infection in women and animals, especially, sheep and goats. This survey assessed toxoplasmosis prevalence in pregnant women in the suburb and in sheep and goats, using the Direct Agglutination High Sensitivity (DAHS) in order to better estimate the potential risk carried out by women meat consumption. The serology using DAHS test detected anti toxoplasma IgG antibodies in 123 out of 313 pregnant women [39.30%, 95% CI: 33.8-44.7%]. The infection tends to increase with age. In animals, a sample of 198 sheep and 65 goats was picked from the official slaughter site of Dakar. Anti-toxoplasma IgG were found in 55% of sheep and 55.4% of goats. In both species, females were more affected than males without any statistically significant difference. These results indicate that toxoplasmosis is present in Dakar with a high prevalence in pregnant women but also in sheep and goats, which are an important parasite reservoir. The consumption of meat, without proper cooking, might be pregnant women’s contamination factor.

Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, pregnant women, sheep, goats, Direct-Agglutination-High-Sensitivity.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2343-6549 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence and risk factors of intestinal parasites among Delgi school children, North Gondar, Ethiopia

Asrat Ayalew¹*, Tewodros Debebe² and Alemayehu Worku³

¹Center of Competence, Amhara Regional State Education Agency, P. O. Box 572 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

²Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79 Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

³Department of Public Health, Addis Ababa University P. O. Box 1176 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Accepted 06 March, 2019

Abstract

Epidemiological information on the prevalence of various intestinal parasitic infections and identification of local risk factors in different regions/localities is a prerequisite to develop appropriate control strategies. Hence the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and risk factors among school children. A cross sectional study involving 704 school children was conducted from 27 September to 6 December, 2010. Structured questionnaire were used to identify environmental, socio demographic and behavioral factors. Stool specimens were collected from all study subjects and examined for parasites using direct smear and formol-ether concentration technique. Finally, data entry and analysis was done using Epi-info and SPSS statistical soft ware respectively. Ten species of intestinal parasites were identified with an overall prevalence of 79.8% (562 of 704 children). The most prevalent intestinal parasites identified were Ascaris lumbricoides 338 (48%), Giardia lamblia 295 (41.9%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar 192 (27.3%), Schistosoma mansoni 112 (15.9%), Hookworm 81(11.5%). Of the total positive stool samples 96 (13.6%) were single infection and 466 (66.2%) were mixed infection, from this mixed infections majority of the children had double infection 309 (43.9%). Intestinal parasite prevalence was higher in children with less educated mother, in children who have habit of eating raw/ unwashed vegetables, drinking unprotected well/spring water and who do not have hand washing practice before meal (P< 0.05). In conclusion, Intestinal parasite infection is a health problem among Delgi school children. Therefore, interventions including improvement of sanitation, provision of safe water, and health education on personal hygiene to the students and to their parents should be given.

Key words: Intestinal parasites, Delgi school children, Ethiopia.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2343-6549 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of intestinal parasitoses among patients and staff of an institution for the mentally retarded

Iván Ferrer-Rodríguez¹* and Wieslaw J. Kozek²

¹Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Bayamón Campus, 500 Dr. John Will Harris Road, Bayamón PR 00957, U.S.A.

²Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, U.S.A.

Accepted 07 March, 2019

Abstract

Intestinal parasitoses remain a major problem in developing countries worldwide. Lack of current data on the prevalence of intestinal parasitoses in institutionalized populations in Puerto Rico prompted us to survey which parasites were endemic in an institution for the mentally retarded. Fecal samples obtained from 86 patients and 43 staff members were examined by direct smear, zinc sulfate flotation and Harada-Mori. Soil samples were collected in three playing areas to determine whether any source of infection was present in the institution. Approximately 52.3% of the patients and 13.9% of the staff members harbored parasites. Forty-five percent of the patients were infected with Trichuris trichiura, 1.2% - hookworms, 19.8% - Escherichia coli 1.2% - Endolimax nana, 2.3% - Giardia lamblia and 2.3% - Dientamoeba fragilis. Nine percent of staff members harbored T. trichiura and 7% E. coli. Only one soil sample contained one egg of T. trichiura. These results indicate that the prevalence of intestinal parasitoses in the institutionalized population examined was much higher than that shown by most recent studies of the general population. Additional studies are required to know the current local prevalence of parasites in the general population and in institutionalized populations of the Island.

Key words: Prevalence, intestinal parasitoses, mentally retarded.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2343-6549 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-010, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biology of Anopheles gambiae and insecticide resistance: Entomological study for a large scale of indoor residual spraying in south east Benin

G. G. Padonou^1,2*, M. Sezonlin¹, G. L. Gbedjissi¹, I. Ayi ³, R. Azondekon², A. Djenontin^1,2, S. Bio-Bangana², O. Oussou², A. Yadouleton², D. Boakye³ and M. Akogbeto^1,2

¹Faculte des Sciences et Techniques de l’Universite d’Abomey Calavi, Benin.

²Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin.

³Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.

Accepted 09 March, 2019

Abstract

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) has been proposed by the National Malaria Control Programme of Benin in the districts of Adjohoun, Dangbo, Misserete and Seme. Up to date entomological data are unavailable in these districts. To be effective, this measure must be based on the knowledge of biology of the malaria vectors. To achieve this aim, vector collections were made in the study area. A total of 49.059 Culicidae were captured. Anopheles gambiae s.s accounted for 20.91% while Anopheles funestus accounted for only 0.007%. An. gambiae s.s were molecular form M, resistant to DDT and permethrin, but susceptible to deltamethrin (mortality 100%) and bendiocarb (mortality 100%). Endophilic, blood feeding and endophagic rates were respectively estimated to be 65.74%, 53.23 and 70.18%. There was no seasonal variation of longevity, but the entomological inoculation rate ranged from 0 to 0.73 infective bites/ person / night according to localities and seasons. This study confirms a high spatial heterogeneity in mosquito distribution and shows that An. gambiae s.s is highly endophagic and endophilic (feed and rest indoor) in south east Benin. While the vector remains susceptible to deltamethrin, high levels of kdr suggest that the use of pyrethrinoid for IRS may be at risk.

Key words: Anopheles gambiae, endophily, blood feeding, parturity, entomological inoculation rate, resistance, IRS, Benin.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2343-6549 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-007, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of malaria as public health problem in Finchaa Sugar Factory based on clinical records and parasitological surveys, western Ethiopia

Bayissa Chala¹* and Beyene Petros²

¹Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia.

²Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Accepted 17 January, 2019

Abstract

An assessment of the malaria prevalence and some of its risk factors was conducted in the Finchaa Sugar Factory estate, western Ethiopia, based on analysis of retrospective data from the health center, a cross-sectional survey using blood slides and a questionnaire. Over the period 2001 to 2005 average prevalence among suspected patients at the health centre was 30.9%. Examination of thick and thin blood films from a random sample of 700 individuals from 7 villages revealed infection rates of 1.4% in November 2005 and 3.9% in April/May 2006. Out of 37 malaria positives, more than half was due to Plasmodium vivax and the rest was Plasmodium falciparum. The study detected focal variation of prevalence associated with location of the village, presence of pools and socio-economic circumstances. Awareness of malaria transmission and control was generally low. Malaria is a year-round public health problem in Finchaa, possibly perpetuated by permanent water bodies, high influx of migrant laborers and reduced effectiveness of current control measures.

Key words: Malaria, irrigation, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, public health, Ethiopia.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2343-6549 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Serological and parasitological prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in small holder farms of the Vina division, Adamawa region of Cameroon

Mpouam S. E.^1,5  Achukwi M. D.²*, Feussom Kameni J. M.³, Bengaly Z.⁴ and Ouedraogo G. A.^5,6

¹School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences- University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

²Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD) Wakwa Regional Centre, Veterinary Research Laboratory. B.P. 65 Ngaoundere, Cameroon.

³Ecole inter-Etats des sciences et Médecine Vétérinaire (EISMV), Dakar, Sénégal.

⁴Centre International de Recherche et Développement en zone Subhumides (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso. Burkina Faso.

⁵Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso (UPB), Burkina Faso.

⁶Laboratoire de Recherche en Santé et Biotechnologie Animale (LARESBA).

Accepted 15 March, 2019

Abstract

In the Adamawa region, the number one cattle-producing area in Cameroon, there is spacity of reliable data on bovine trypanosomosis and the disease epizootiology but animal breeders attribute huge economic losses to trypanosomosis in the complete absence of laboratory diagnosis. This led to the ugly situation where most sick animals are injected with trypanocides. Blood was collected from 330 zebu cattle in small holder livestock farms in the Mbe Plain and Plateau of the Vina Division of Cameroon to assess the parasitological and seroprevalence rates of bovine trypanosomosis using the Buffy coat technique (BCT) and Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA-antibody). The overall bovine trypanosomosis prevalence rate in both Mbe plain and the plateau was 11.5% when BCT was used and 31.2% with antibody ELISA. In the Mbe plain serological prevalence was an epizootic proportion of 51.5%, being 3.39 times higher than the prevalence rate (15.2%) using BCT. On the Plateau this ratio was 1.49 represented by a serological prevalence rate of 12.1% and a BCT prevalence rate of 8.12%. The parasitemia was relatively low (lower than 5×10⁴ trypanosomes/ml) in both zones. The mean PCV of animals in Mbé Plain (26.22%) was significantly lower than that of animals on the Plateau (30.2%). In the Mbé Plain the mean PCV of ELISA-positive animals (23.71%) was very significantly (p < 0.001) lower than 28.93% for ELISA-negative animals. On the Plateau, ELISA- positive animals had a mean PCV of 29.76% which was not significantly different from that (30.27%) of ELISA-negative animals. The seroprevalence was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in older animals than younger ones in the Mbe plain but not in the plateau. Sex did not influence (p > 0.05) the seroprevalence and the mean PCV in both zones whereas the prevalence with the BCT was significantly higher in male cattle than in female in both Plateau and the Mbe plain (p < 0. 05). The risk of bovine trypanosomosis was higher in the Mbe plain than in the plateau. In both study areas the intensity of animal trypanosomosis varies according to the ecological niches, suggesting that the vectors may be localized in a number of foci.

Key words: Bovine trypanosomosis, seroprevalence, packed cell volume, Vina-Cameroon,