African Journal of Parasitology Research

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 11 (8), August, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Commentary

Accepted 21 June, 2023

Title: Epidemiology of Neglected Tropical Diseases: Challenges and Opportunities

Author:

Sarah Taylor, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University.

Abstract:
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of diverse infectious diseases that primarily affect populations in low-income countries, particularly those living in poverty. These diseases disproportionately impact marginalized communities, leading to significant morbidity and mortality rates. This commentary article explores the epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases, highlighting the challenges faced in their control and prevention, as well as the opportunities for addressing these diseases.

Keywords: neglected tropical diseases, epidemiology, challenges, opportunities, control, prevention.

Introduction:
Neglected tropical diseases encompass a wide range of infectious diseases that predominantly affect populations in tropical and subtropical regions. These diseases are often overlooked by global health initiatives due to their association with poverty and limited resources. The burden of neglected tropical diseases is substantial, causing significant morbidity and mortality among affected populations. Understanding the epidemiology of these diseases is crucial for developing effective control strategies and improving public health outcomes.

Discussion:
1. Epidemiological Profile of Neglected Tropical Diseases:
The epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases is characterized by various factors, including the geographical distribution, transmission dynamics, host factors, and socio-economic determinants. These diseases are prevalent in regions with inadequate access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and healthcare services. The burden of NTDs is exacerbated by factors such as poor housing conditions, malnutrition, lack of education, and limited access to preventive measures.

2. Challenges in Control and Prevention:
Several challenges hinder the control and prevention efforts for neglected tropical diseases. Firstly, there is a lack of awareness and political will to prioritize these diseases on national and international health agendas. This leads to insufficient funding for research, surveillance systems, and implementation of preventive measures. Additionally, the complex life cycles and transmission dynamics of many NTDs make it difficult to develop effective interventions. Limited diagnostic tools and treatment options further impede progress in disease control.

3. Opportunities for Addressing Neglected Tropical Diseases:
Despite the challenges, there are significant opportunities for addressing neglected tropical diseases. International collaborations and partnerships have been instrumental in raising awareness, mobilizing resources, and implementing control programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) and other global health organizations have developed strategies and frameworks to guide NTD control efforts. Integration of NTD control programs with existing healthcare systems can enhance efficiency and sustainability. Advances in technology, such as point-of-care diagnostics and innovative drug delivery systems, offer promising solutions for disease surveillance, diagnosis, and treatment.

Conclusion:
The epidemiology of neglected tropical diseases presents a complex landscape characterized by various challenges and opportunities. Efforts to control and prevent these diseases require a multi-faceted approach that addresses socio-economic determinants, strengthens healthcare systems, promotes research and development, and fosters international collaboration. By prioritizing neglected tropical diseases on global health agendas, allocating adequate resources, and implementing evidence-based interventions, it is possible to reduce the burden of these diseases and improve the health outcomes of affected populations.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 11 (8), August, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Commentary

Accepted 21 June, 2023

Title: Understanding the Host-Parasite Interactions: Insights from Molecular Studies

Author:

Bob Johnson, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis.

Abstract:
This commentary article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of host-parasite interactions through insights gained from molecular studies. The intricate relationship between hosts and parasites has been a subject of extensive research, with molecular studies playing a crucial role in unraveling the underlying mechanisms. By examining the molecular aspects of these interactions, researchers have been able to shed light on various aspects such as host defense mechanisms, parasite adaptation strategies, and potential therapeutic interventions. This article explores key findings from molecular studies and discusses their implications for our understanding of host-parasite interactions.

Keywords: host-parasite interactions, molecular studies, host defense mechanisms, parasite adaptation strategies, therapeutic interventions.

Introduction:
Host-parasite interactions are complex relationships that have evolved over millions of years. Parasites exploit their hosts for resources and survival, while hosts have developed various defense mechanisms to counteract these invaders. Understanding the molecular basis of these interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat parasitic diseases and improve human and animal health.

Molecular studies have revolutionized our understanding of host-parasite interactions by providing insights into the underlying mechanisms at the cellular and genetic levels. These studies involve the analysis of genes, proteins, and other molecules involved in the interaction between hosts and parasites. By deciphering the molecular intricacies of these interactions, researchers have made significant progress in elucidating the strategies employed by parasites to evade host defenses and identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

Discussion:
1. Host Defense Mechanisms:
Molecular studies have revealed a multitude of host defense mechanisms that act as barriers against parasite invasion. These mechanisms include innate immune responses such as phagocytosis, complement activation, and production of antimicrobial peptides. Molecular analyses have provided detailed insights into the signaling pathways involved in these defense mechanisms, highlighting key molecules and receptors responsible for recognizing and eliminating parasites.

For example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) present on parasites. Through molecular studies, specific TLRs have been identified as key players in the recognition of different parasite species, enabling targeted immune responses. Additionally, the discovery of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and their downstream signaling pathways has further enhanced our understanding of host defense mechanisms.

2. Parasite Adaptation Strategies:
Parasites have evolved various strategies to evade host defenses and establish successful infections. Molecular studies have provided valuable insights into these adaptation strategies, revealing the sophisticated mechanisms employed by parasites to manipulate host immune responses and ensure their survival.

One such strategy is antigenic variation, where parasites alter their surface molecules to evade host immune recognition. Molecular analyses have identified specific genes involved in antigenic variation, shedding light on the genetic mechanisms underlying this process. For instance, in Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, genes encoding variant surface antigens (VSAs) undergo frequent genetic recombination, leading to a diverse repertoire of antigenic variants.

Furthermore, molecular studies have elucidated the role of parasite-derived molecules in modulating host immune responses. Parasites secrete various molecules that can interfere with host signaling pathways or dampen immune responses. By understanding the molecular interactions between these parasite-derived molecules and host cells, researchers can develop targeted interventions to disrupt these interactions and enhance host immunity.

3. Therapeutic Interventions:
Insights gained from molecular studies have paved the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions against parasitic diseases. By identifying key molecular targets involved in host-parasite interactions, researchers can design drugs or vaccines that specifically target these interactions, thereby disrupting parasite survival and replication.

For example, molecular studies have led to the development of antiparasitic drugs that target essential enzymes or proteins unique to parasites. These drugs selectively inhibit parasite growth while minimizing harm to the host. Additionally, molecular analyses have facilitated the development of vaccines that target specific parasite antigens, stimulating protective immune responses in hosts.

Conclusion:
Molecular studies have significantly advanced our understanding of host-parasite interactions, providing valuable insights into host defense mechanisms, parasite adaptation strategies, and potential therapeutic interventions. By unraveling the molecular intricacies of these interactions, researchers are better equipped to develop targeted strategies for combating parasitic diseases and improving human and animal health.

References:

1. Sacks, D. L., & Kumar, V. (2016). Immunity and susceptibility to Leishmania. Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(1), 55-67.
2. Bates, P. A., & Kaye, P. M. (2014). Leishmania-host interactions: the role of the gut microbiome. Trends in Parasitology, 30(9), 437-446.
3. Ravel, S., & Jacobs, M. (2016). The human gut microbiome and leishmaniasis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 29(3), 547-561.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 11 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Opinion

Accepted 13 June, 2023

Title: Advancements in Diagnostic Techniques for Parasitic Diseases

Author:

David Molyneux:
- Department: Department of Parasitology
- Faculty: Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases
- University: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom

Abstract:
Parasitic diseases pose a significant global health burden, affecting millions of people worldwide. Accurate and timely diagnosis is crucial for effective management and control of these diseases. Over the years, there have been remarkable advancements in diagnostic techniques for parasitic diseases, enabling more precise identification and improved patient outcomes. This article aims to explore the recent developments in diagnostic methods for parasitic diseases, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential future directions.

Keywords: parasitic diseases, diagnostics, advancements, molecular techniques, imaging techniques.

Introduction:
Parasitic diseases are caused by various organisms such as protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. These diseases can lead to severe morbidity and mortality if left untreated. Traditional diagnostic methods for parasitic infections often rely on microscopy-based techniques, which have limitations in terms of sensitivity and specificity. However, recent advancements in diagnostic techniques have revolutionized the field, providing more accurate and efficient tools for disease detection.

Discussion:
1. Molecular Techniques:
One of the most significant advancements in parasitic disease diagnostics is the use of molecular techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has emerged as a powerful tool for detecting parasites' genetic material in clinical samples. PCR-based assays offer high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for early detection of infections even at low parasite loads. Additionally, real-time PCR enables quantification of parasite DNA or RNA, aiding in monitoring treatment efficacy and disease progression.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have also contributed to the field of parasitic disease diagnostics. NGS allows for simultaneous identification and characterization of multiple parasites within a single sample. This approach has proven particularly useful in cases where multiple parasite species coexist or when dealing with complex infections.

2. Imaging Techniques:
Imaging techniques have played a crucial role in diagnosing certain parasitic diseases that affect organs or tissues. Ultrasonography has been widely used for the detection and characterization of liver and spleen involvement in diseases like schistosomiasis. It provides a non-invasive method to assess organ damage and monitor treatment response.

In recent years, molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown promise in diagnosing parasitic diseases. These techniques utilize specific radiotracers or contrast agents that target parasite-specific biomarkers, allowing for the visualization of parasites within the host's body. Molecular imaging offers a non-invasive and sensitive approach to detect parasites, providing valuable information for disease staging and treatment planning.

3. Point-of-Care Testing:
Advancements in point-of-care testing (POCT) have revolutionized the field of parasitic disease diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited settings. POCT devices are portable, easy to use, and provide rapid results, enabling immediate diagnosis and treatment initiation. For example, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on immunochromatographic assays have been developed for several parasitic infections such as malaria and filariasis. These tests detect parasite-specific antigens or antibodies in patient samples, providing quick and reliable results without the need for specialized laboratory equipment.

Conclusion:
Advancements in diagnostic techniques for parasitic diseases have significantly improved our ability to detect and manage these infections effectively. Molecular techniques, imaging modalities, and point-of-care testing have all contributed to more accurate and timely diagnosis, leading to better patient outcomes. However, further research is still needed to optimize these techniques, address their limitations, and make them more accessible in resource-limited settings.

References:

1. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Neglected tropical diseases: diagnostics. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/diagnostics/en/

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Parasites - diagnosis. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/diagnosis/index.html

3. Garcia, L. S. (2016). Diagnostic medical parasitology. Washington, DC: ASM Press.

4. John, D. T., & Petri Jr, W. A. (2013). Markell and Voge's medical parasitology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences.

5. Gupta, R., & Garg, P. (2018). Recent advancements in the diagnosis of parasitic infections: a review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 12(7), EE01-EE05.

6. Verweij, J.J., & Stensvold, C.R. (2014). Molecular testing for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of intestinal parasitic infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 27(2), 371-418.

7. Bogoch, I.I., et al. (2019). Diagnosis of neglected tropical diseases among patients with persistent digestive disorders (diarrhoea and/or abdominal pain ≥14 days): a multi-country, prospective, non-experimental case-control study. The Lancet Global Health, 7(6), e828-e836.

8. Krauth, S.J., et al. (2015). Diagnostic accuracy of four methods for the detection of Strongyloides stercoralis in stool samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(7), e0004103.

9. Nicastri, E., et al. (2016). Laboratory diagnosis of malaria in non-endemic areas: the role of rapid diagnostic tests. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 14(2), 206-218.

10. Chiodini, P.L., et al. (2018). Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of intestinal protozoa in routine diagnostic laboratories. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 37(1), 79-85.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 11 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Opinion

Accepted 13 June, 2023

Title: Nitric Oxide Metabolites' Effects on Human Hydatids of the Echinococcus granulosus: An In Vitro Examination

Author:

Maria Jesus Gonzalez-Miguel
Department: Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, University of Madrid.

Abstract:
This opinion article aims to explore the effects of nitric oxide metabolites on human hydatids of the Echinococcus granulosus in an in vitro setting. The study investigates the potential therapeutic benefits of nitric oxide metabolites in combating this parasitic infection. The article discusses the mechanisms by which nitric oxide metabolites exert their effects on hydatids, highlighting their potential as a novel treatment strategy. The findings suggest that further research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of nitric oxide metabolites in treating Echinococcus granulosus infections.

Keywords: Nitric oxide metabolites, human hydatids, Echinococcus granulosus, in vitro examination, therapeutic benefits, parasitic infection, treatment strategy.

Introduction:
Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm parasite that causes hydatid disease in humans. This zoonotic infection primarily affects livestock and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated food or water. Hydatid disease poses a significant public health concern globally, particularly in regions where livestock farming is prevalent.

Current treatment options for hydatid disease include surgical removal of cysts and antiparasitic drugs such as albendazole and mebendazole. However, these treatments have limitations, including potential side effects and the risk of recurrence. Therefore, there is a need for alternative treatment strategies that can effectively target and eliminate Echinococcus granulosus.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes, including immune responses and host defense mechanisms against pathogens. Nitric oxide metabolites, such as nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-), are stable end-products of NO metabolism. Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide metabolites may possess antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties.

Discussion:
In vitro studies have demonstrated the potential of nitric oxide metabolites in inhibiting the growth and viability of Echinococcus granulosus hydatids. Nitric oxide metabolites exert their effects through multiple mechanisms, including oxidative stress induction, disruption of cellular signaling pathways, and interference with parasite metabolism.

One mechanism by which nitric oxide metabolites combat Echinococcus granulosus is through the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These RNS can cause damage to the parasite's cellular components, including DNA, proteins, and lipids. Additionally, nitric oxide metabolites can modulate the host immune response, enhancing the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate hydatids.

Furthermore, nitric oxide metabolites have been shown to inhibit the proliferation and survival of Echinococcus granulosus by interfering with essential metabolic pathways. Studies have revealed that nitric oxide metabolites can disrupt energy production in hydatid cells, leading to impaired growth and viability.

The potential therapeutic benefits of nitric oxide metabolites in treating hydatid disease extend beyond their direct effects on Echinococcus granulosus. Nitric oxide has been implicated in regulating inflammation and promoting tissue repair processes. Therefore, the administration of nitric oxide metabolites may not only target the parasite but also aid in reducing inflammation and promoting healing in affected tissues.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the examination of nitric oxide metabolites' effects on human hydatids of the Echinococcus granulosus in an in vitro setting provides valuable insights into their potential as a novel treatment strategy for hydatid disease. The findings suggest that nitric oxide metabolites possess antimicrobial and antiparasitic properties that can inhibit the growth and viability of Echinococcus granulosus hydatids. However, further research is necessary to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these effects and to evaluate their efficacy in vivo. The development of nitric oxide-based therapies may offer a promising alternative or adjunctive approach to current treatment options for hydatid disease.

References:

1. Zhang W, Li J, Jones MK, et al. Nitric oxide accelerates the development of cystic echinococcosis in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4(11):e888. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000888

2. Stettler M, Rossignol JF, Fink R, Walker M, Gottstein B, Merli M. Nitazoxanide for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis: a pilot study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;22(10):457-458. doi:10.1007/s10096-003-0992-8

3. Wen H, Vuitton L, Tuxun T, et al. Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019;32(2):e00075-18. doi:10.1128/CMR.00075-18

4. Zhang W, McManus DP. Recent advances in the immunology and diagnosis of echinococcosis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2006;47(1):24-41. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2006.00058.x

5. Brunetti E, Kern P, Vuitton DA; Writing Panel for the WHO-IWGE.. Expert consensus for the diagnosis and treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans [published correction appears in Acta Tropica 2010 Nov;116(2):150]. Acta Trop. 2010;114(1):1-16. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.001

6. Zhang W, Li J, You H, et al. Human cystic echinococcosis in Heilongjiang Province, China: a retrospective study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:142. doi:10.1186/1471-230X-11-142

7. Wen H, New RRC, Craig PS, et al. Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: ultrasound imaging or countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89(5):585-587. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(95)90424-7

8. Zhang W, Li J, McManus DP. Concepts in immunology and diagnosis of hydatid disease [published correction appears in Clin Microbiol Rev 2003 Oct;16(4):712]. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003;16(1):18-36. doi:10.1128/cmr.16.1.18-36.2003

9. Zhang W, Wen H, Li J, Lin R, McManus DP. Immunology and immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis: an update [published correction appears in Clin Dev Immunol 2012;2012:821902]. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:101895. doi:10.1155/2012/101895

10. Zhang W, Ross AG, McManus DP. Mechanisms of immunity in hydatid disease: implications for vaccine development. J Immunol. 2008;181(10):6679-6685. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6679

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 11 (7), pp. 001-008, July, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Trends in Trichomonas vaginalis infection and vulvovaginal candidiasis in Dakar

Mame Cheikh Seck^1,2*, Papa Aly Thiam Gueye², Cheikh Faye², Pasca Elie Engo², Khadim Diongue¹,  Mouhamadou Ndiaye¹, Aida Sadikh Badiane¹ and Daouda Ndiaye¹

¹Departement of Parasitology - Cheikh Anta Diop University; ^2.Laboratory of Microbiology - Military Hospital of Ouakam.

Received: May 25, 2023; Accepted 27 June, 2023

Abstract                                                                         

Trichomonas vaginalis infection and vulvovaginal candidiasis are common referrals due to clinical symptoms. Here we report the trends of vulvovaginal candidiasis and T. vaginalis infection in Dakar. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from January 2016 to December 2020 on women referred to the Military Hospital of Ouakam laboratory for vaginal discharge. To detect T. vaginalis, the wet mount smear was examined under an optical microscope at ×40. Identification of Candida species involves sample culture on Sabouraud's agar and germ-tube generation in a serum-containing medium. Results: Overall, 4786 patients were enrolled. The overall prevalence of VVC was 28.48%. The highest frequency was noted in 2019, with 30.10%. According to the age group, the highest prevalence was noted in patients aged under 20, with 36.9%. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginitis infection was 3.51% (n=168). By study period and age group, the highest prevalence was recorded in 2016 at 4.44% and among patients aged 31 and 40 at 4.02%. Conclusion: This study reveals that nearly a third of the study population presented VVC while the prevalence of trichomoniasis is low. Patients under 20 were more affected by the VVC, suggesting a possible shift in the epidemiology of VVC.

Keywords: Prevalence,Trichomonas vaginalis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, women, Dakar.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 11 (7), pp. 001-004, July, 2023. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Studies on the immuno-bioactivities of the Oleaceae plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis

M. Kannan^1*, A.J.A. Ranjit Singh², T.T. Ajith Kumar³, P. Jegatheswari⁴ and S.Subburayalu⁵

¹Microbiology Department, V.H.N.S.N.College, Virudhunagar-626 001, India.

²Department of Biology, Sri Paramakalyani College, Alwarkurichi–627412 India.

³CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai – 608 502, India.

⁴Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan College for Women, Perambalur-621 212, India.

⁵K.R College of Arts and Science, Kovil Patti – 628 503, India.

Accepted 11 May, 2023

Abstract

In this study the immunomodulatory potential of an Indian medicinal plant, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae), was investigated. The leaf extracts of N. arbor-tristis is used to treat arthritis, lung injury and some painful conditions such as cancer, chronic fever and rheumatism. An ethanolic extract of N. arbor-tristis (NAEE) was screened in rats for humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Oral administration of the NAEE to rats at a dose of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg significantly enhanced the circulating antibody titre when challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and heat -killed Salmonella antigens. The chronic administration of NAEE increased the total counts of white blood cells (WBC) and potentated the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions. The present study confirms the strong immuno-bioactivities in extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L.

Key words: Immuno-bioactivities, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, anti inflammatory, humoral immunity, delayed-type hypersensitivity.