African Journal of Parasitology Research

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-004, June, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of latex of euphorbia antiquorum

Sumathi, S.*, Malathy, N., Dharani, B., Sivaprabha, J., Hamsa, D., Radha, P. and Padma, P. R.

Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Avinashilingam Deemed University for Women Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Accepted 20 July, 2019

Abstract

Euphorbia antiquorum is a large shrub or small tree belonging to the largest and the most diverse family in the plant kingdom, Euphorbiaceae. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of latex of E. antiquorum on certain microbes. The methanolic extract of the latex was prepared. The extracts were tested for their antibacterial activity against some Gram positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri and Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia and antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor indicus. The results revealed that the latex showed minimum inhibition only to E. coli and S. flexneri. Latex did posses a strong antifungal activity against deadly pathogens namely C. albicans, A. flavus, A. fumigatus and not to Rhizopus Mucor. The results suggest that the E. antiquorum latex extract account both for the antibacterial and antifungal properties and has a potential for use as an antimicrobial agent.

Key words: Euphorbia antiquorum, pathogenic micro organisms antibacterial, antifungal.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-009, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of some wild Aspergillus species for cellulase production and characterization

M. F. Begum¹* and A. R. Alimon^1,2

¹Laboratory of animal production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia 43400-UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

²Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, 43300 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Accepted 19 April, 2020

Abstract

Fifteen Aspergillus species were used to evaluate their potentialities for cellulase production under submerged fermentation. The isolates were grown on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar medium for detection of cellulase activity and Aspergillus oryzae S/92Gbr exhibited maximum clear zone (40 mm) around the colony. Protein content and cellulase activity of the filtrates were determined and biomass was harvested from the culture. All the species produced significant (p<0.05) amount of reducing sugar and protein; and showed correlation with protein content and reducing sugar level. Biomass did not show correlation with increase of cellulase activity. In all cases maximum β-glucosidase exhibited compare to FPase and isolate A. oryzae S/92Gbr showed the highest β-glucosidase (2.5 U/ml), CMCase (2.4 U/ml), Avicilase (2.1 U/ml) and FPase (1.5 U/ml) activity. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme estimated as 5 and 45°C, respectively and th e highest activity ranges around at pH 4-6 and 40-50°C. The highest activity was observed after 7 day s of incubation at pH 5.6 and 28°C when CMC was used as substrate. The enzyme activity strongly inhibited by Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ag⁺ and K⁺ and increased by Mg²⁺ and Mn²⁺ about 40%. The Km values estimated as O.44, 0.48, 0.54 and 0.74% by A. oryzae S/92Gbr, Aspergillus flavus S/23Ogr, Aspergillus cervinus S15/Pf and Aspergillus ochraceus S/56Y, respectively that revealed the enzyme contained good reducing sugar releasing capacity.

Key words: Aspergillus spp., protein, biomass, cellulase activity, Km value.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Optimize culture conditions for biomass and sporulation of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia, isolate HSY-12-14 by “two-step” cultivation

Li Gao

State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China. E-mail: [email protected].

Accepted 17 January, 2020

Abstract

Biomass yields and sporulation of Pochonia chlamydosporia isolate HSY-12-14 was concerned on culture conditions including culture method, nutritional requirements together with environmental factors in this study. We optimized them for biomass yields of P. chlamydosporia HSY-12-14 with the “two-step” cultivation method as well as orthogonal matrix method: firstly cultured spore suspension on the basal medium (sucrose 19.00 g, soy peptone 4.06 g, K₂HPO₄ 1.00 g, KCl 0.50 g, MgSO₄ 0.50 g, FeSO₄ 0.01 g and 17.00 g Bactor) for the first stage culture of 4 days under room condition, then transferred them to another defined medium (sucrose 19.05 g, soypeptone 0.01 g, ZnSO₄ 7H₂O 0.05 g/L, MnSO₄ H₂O 0.05 g/L, H₃BO₄ 0.05 g/L and 17.00 g Bactor) for more 4 days cultivation, together with the environmental factors combination of water potential -3.9 MPa /pH 4 /24 h light cycle/23°C for biomass yields. We optimized the best culture conditions for sporulation of P. chlamydosporia under water potential -1.2 MPa /pH 4 /24 h light cycle/32°C wit h the same nutrition for biomass yields. These results is characterized in that it supplies the composition of media and environmental suitable for the mass production and provide important information industrialization of this great potential biocontrol fungus.

Key words: Nutrition, environment, sporulation, biological control, mass selection.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-006, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Inhibitory effect of Cytisus nigricans L. and Cytisus capitatus Scop. on growth of bacteria

Olgica Stefanovic*and Ljiljana Comic

Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.

Accepted 26 October, 2019

Abstract

In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate and acetone extract from Cytisus nigricans and Cytisus capitatus and their synergistic interaction with gentamicin and cephalexin were studied. Antibacterial efficacy of the extracts was defined by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). The values were in the range from 1.25 mg/ml to >20 mg/ml. The most sensitive bacteria were: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Herb-drug interactions tested by checkerboard method and expressed as fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index showed indifferent and synergistic effects. Synergism was observed only in combination between antibiotics and ethanol, ethyl acetate extract of C. nigricans. In the presence of sub-inhibitory concentrations (1/4 MIC, 1/8 MIC) of the extracts the activity of gentamicin and cephalexin were increased up to 16-fold. The highest amount of flavonoids was measured in acetone extracts while the highest amount of total phenols had ethanol extract of C. nigricans and acetone extract of C. capitatus.

Key words: Antibacterial activity, Cytisus nigricans, Cytisus capitatus, herb-drug interaction, plant extract, total phenol and flavonoid content.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-003, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Detection of Streptococcus iniae by polymerase chain reaction in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in west Iran

Firooz Fadaeifard^1*, Mahdi raissy¹, Hasan Momtaz² and Reza Zahedi³

¹Department of Aquatic Health and Disease, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University-Shahrekord-Iran.

²Department of Microbiology, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University-Shahrekord-Iran.

³Graduated of Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University-Shahrekord-Iran.

Accepted 23 January, 2020

Abstract

Streptococcosis is one of the serious diseases in cultured salmonids, specially rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Streptococcus iniae is one of the important pathogens for fish which is also dangerous for human. The aim of this study is to investigate the streptococcosis caused by S. iniae in rainbow trouts farms. For this purpose, we evaluate fishes that showed clinical signs similar to streptococcosis from 10 farms in west of Iran on the subject of S. iniae existence. At first, the specific culture for streptococcus was done and, then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of S. iniae was used. Out of 50 evaluated specimens, 13 were suspected to S. iniae after biochemical tests. PCR uses specific primers for S. iniae and 6 samples were revealed positive. The results of this study showed the high existence of S. iniae in this region. PCR is an effective technique for the rapid and specific detection of S. iniae in fish tissues.

Key words: Streptococcus iniae, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Chaharmahal –va- Bakhtyari Province, Iran.