African Journal of Parasitology Research

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance Risks in Branded and Unbranded Milk Products Available in Accra, Ghana

Mahami T¹*, Odonkor S², Yaro M¹, Adu-Gyamfi A¹

¹Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute (BNARI), of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission P. O. Box
LG 80, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
²Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission P. O. Box LG 80,

Legon-Accra, Ghana

Accepted 20 May, 2024

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is said to currently be the greatest challenge to the effective treatment of infections globally. This study evaluated the risks of antimicrobial resistant microbes associated with 8 types of branded and unbranded milk sold in Accra, Ghana. The study revealed that 6 categories of milk sampled were all contaminated whiles 2 categories were not. Common isolates identified were E.coli, Klebsiella spp , Enterobacter spp, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella tyhpi, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococccus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antibiotic susceptibility tests indicated that all (100%) isolates were multi-resistant to Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Cotrimoxazole, Ceturoxime and cefotaxime. Ceftriaxime was the most effective antimicrobial but even then, 90.57% of isolates were resistant to it. Antimicrobial resistant isolates were found in all types of milk sampled. Unpasteurized locally produced cow milk accounted for the highest (26.42%) of resistant microbes and imported skimmed milk the least (3.77%). The others were locally-produced pasteurized cow milk (20.75%), imported whole milk (11.32%), soya milk (22.64%) and powdered milk (15.09%). Even though the risk level varied from different types of milk, it cut across almost all types of milk. The study demonstrated that milk sold in Accra is a potential hazard of pathogenic food borne bacteria as well as antimicrobial resistant bacteria that may have public health implications. There is the need for some additional food safety measures to be applied before the consumption of milk.

Key words: Antimicrobial, resistance, bacteria, isolates, milk, contamination, pasteurization.
 

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-006, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Biosynthesis of L-Glutamic Acid by Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 20300T and Arthrobacter globiformis MTCC 4299 Utilizing Muntingia calabura Linn. Fruits

Payala Vijayalakshmi*, Dhurjeti Sarvamangala

PhD Research scholar in Gitam institute of sciences, Gitam University, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam-530 045 (Andhra Pradesh), INDIA
Asst. Prof. in Gitam institute of technology Gitam university, Rushikonda, visakhapatnam-530 045(A.P)

Accepted 20 May, 2024

Abstract

The present study was an illustrative investigation on L-Glutamic acid production by using two different bacterial strains like Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 20300T and Arthrobacter globiformis MTCC 4299 employing a cheaply available fruit substrate of Muntingia calabura L. Owing to the high sugar content of these fruits and quick establishment process of its plant an attempt was made to utilize the fruits for the production of glutamic acid, the precursor of mono sodium glutamate (MSG), employing submerged fermentation. In these experiments, optimization of fermentation parameters could be done using an empirical strategy method to determine key factor ranges for the production of glutamic acid. After optimization of physicochemical parameters, the highest production of glutamic acid was obtained 15.1 mg/ml with Corynebacterium glutamicum DSM 20300T at pH 7.0, temperature 300C was maintained for 48h incubation time with urea, biotin and penicillin optimum concentration were being 2.0g/l, 1µg/l and 1U/ml respectively. On the other hand, the production of glutamic acid obtained with Arthrobacter globiformis MTCC 4299 was 10.7mg/ml at pH 7.0, temperature 300C time 48 h, urea 2.0g/l, biotin 4µg/l and penicillin concentration 15U/ml. Agitation at a speed of 120 rpm was favourable for the production. Eventually the product which was produced was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and subjected to crystallization at its isoelectric pH 3.2. Finally the product presence was confirmed by Liquid chromatography-Mass spectroscopy.

Keywords: Muntingia calabura L., Corynebacterium glutamicum, Arthrobacter globiformis, Glutamic acid, Fermentation and Crystallization.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Efficacy of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy in Treating Seasonal and Perennial Allergic Rhinitis

Jonnagadala Latha¹, Vadde Ramakrishna*², George L Moses³, and Rallapalli Ramanjaneyulu¹

¹Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur - 515 003, (A.P) India.
²Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa – 516 003. India.
³Good Samaritan Kilpauk Lab Services, Kilpauk, Chennai – 600 010, India.

Accepted 15 May, 2024

Abstract

Allergen immunotherapy continues to be used worldwide in the management of allergic rhinitis and asthma. In the present study five aeroallergens (house dust, pollen, Parthenium, Aspergillus, cotton) were used in allergen specific immunotherapy and evaluated their sensitivity in 50 diagnosed allergic rhinitis patients. The levels of serum total IgE, specific IgE, IgG and eosinophil were measured in susceptible individuals before and after immunotherapy during 3 year study. Intradermal test revealed the house dust, pollens and cotton are important aeroallergens sensitizing population, since half of the patients were shown positive skin test to these aeroallergens. Elevated levels of eosinophil and total IgE were observed before immunotherapy in both sexes of all age groups. However, immunotherapy with above aeroallergens the eosinophil and total IgE levels significantly lowered. Conversely, the specific IgE antibodies formed after immunotherapy was significantly higher compared to control subjects (P<0.05). The 3 year successive allergen immunotherapy induced the IgG antibodies in patients which block the binding of IgE mast cells and down regulate allergic reactions. From the data it is clearly indicating that the highest sensitivity was noticed to House dust and Pollens in majority of the individuals. The present study showed a very good response to immunotherapy with significantly lowered allergic symptoms. Study suggests the allergen immunotherapy is an effective and well tolerated in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Keywords: Aeroallergens - allergen specific immunotherapy – allergic rhinitis.
 

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Genotyping of HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in Patients with Gastritis and Positive Rapid Urease Test Results

Nibras S. Al-Ammar¹, Ihsan E. Al-Saimary¹, Saad Sh. Hamadi², Ma Luo², Trevor Peterson¹ and Chris Czarnecki²

¹Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
²Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Accepted 26 July, 2024

Abstract

To study was carried out to know HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotyping in gastritis patients with positive and negative RUT. This study was carried out in College of Medicine, University of Basrah. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotyping was done in College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnpeg, Canada during the period from April 2009 to July 2010. A total of 70 gastritis patients, 29 males and 41 females, were included in this study. Significant increased frequencies of DQB1*050101 and DQB1*050201 alleles were found in gastritis patients who showed (+ RUT), but with weak association (odds ratios were 0.83 and 0.79 respectively), as compared with gastritis patients who showed (- RUT).

Keywords: Genotype, HLA-DQA1 & HLA-DQB1, Gastritis, Iraq.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-007, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Genotyping of HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in Individuals Positive for H. pylori Serology

Nibras S. Al-Ammar¹, Ihsan E. Al-Saimary¹, Saad Sh. Hamadi², Ma Luo², Trevor Peterson¹ and Chris Czarnecki²

¹Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
²Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Accepted 19 July, 2024

Abstract

To study HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotyping in gastritis patients with positive RUT, this study was carried out in College of Medicine, University of Basrah. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotyping was done in College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnpeg, Canada during the period from 17th of April 2009 to 15th of July 2010. A total of 70 gastritis patients (29 males and 41 females) and 30 controls were included in this study. A significant increased frequency of DQA1*050101 and DQB1*020101 alleles was found in individuals (patients + controls) who showed (+RDT), but the association was weak (odds ratio = 0.39 & 0.33), as compared with individuals (patients + controls) with (- RDT). A significant decreased frequency of DQB1*050201 allele was found in individuals (patients + controls) with (+RDT). The association was very strong (odds ratio = 5.31), as compared with individuals (patients + controls) with (- RDT). A significant decreased frequencies of DQA1*0201 and DQB1*020101 alleles were found in gastritis patients with (+RDT). The association in DQA1*0201 was very strong (odds ratio = 6.38) and for -DQB1*020101 allele, the association was weak (odds ratio = 0.08), as compared with controls with (+ RDT). A significant increased frequency of DQA1*0201 allele was found in controls with (+ RDT) and the association was very strong (odds ratio = 6.18), as compared with controls with (- RDT). A significant increased frequency of DQB1*020101 allele was found in controls with (+RDT) but with weak association (odds ratio = 0.09), as compared with controls with (- RDT).

Keywords: H. pylori, seropositive, HLA-DQA1 & HLA-DQB1.

African Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN 2756-3391 Vol. 12 (9), pp. 001-009, September, 2024. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Identification of Dermatophyte Species and Evaluation of Selected Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Dermatophytoses

*Shinkafi S. A. and Manga S. B.

Department of Microbiology Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria.

Accepted 06 July, 2024

Abstract

Antidermatophytic activities of five selected medicinal plants (leaves) used traditionally in the treatment of dermatophytoses. The screened plants include; Euphorbia balsamifera Ait, Mitracarpus scaber Zucc, Pergularia tomentosa L, Streospermum kunthianum Cham and Holarrhena floribunda (g, Don) Dur. And Schiz. A total of two hundred and fifty samples were obtained from infected skin, hair and nails of individuals within Sokoto metropolis. Four dermatophytes were identified to specie level and one to genus level; they include Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum gypseum and Microsporum specie. The percentage prevalence of isolated dermatophytes indicated T. rubrum had the highest percentage of 27.6 %, while other samples that could not be identified as dermatophytes had the least percentage of 8.4 %. The results of aqueous, hexane and chloroform extracts of P. tomentosa and M. scaber have exhibited promising antidermatophytic activities against T. rubrum, T. mentagrophyte and M. gypseum at 10 mg/ml respectively. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimum Fungicidal Concentrations of the extracts produced inhibitory action on T. rubrum, T. mentagrophyte and M. gypseum at 10 mg/ml each. Findings from this research proved that P. tomentosa and M. scaber are more active than the conventional antifungal drug Grisiofulvin. Therefore, this reseach reinforce the use of P. tomentosa and M. scaber in Nigerian traditional medicine for treating skin infections caused by some dermatophytes.

Keywords: Isolation Dermatophytes, medicinal plants, dermatophytoses and screening.