ISSN 2756-3391
Research Article
African Journal of Parasitology Research Vol. 2 (4), pp. 086-093, April, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study of phototropism of sand flies species (Diptera: Psychodidae) gathered in a pastoral area in Central Morocco
*Abdellatif Boulif, Maazouz H. E and Mohammed Idrissi
Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fes, Morocco.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 23 January, 2014
Abstract
An inventory of a year was achieved using two traps techniques (light and sticky trap) in Oulad Aid (center of Morocco), a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), to understand better the phototropism of circulating species of the sandflies dominance according to their physiological states (total number of sandflies collected are to be given). The most abundant species were respectively Phlebotomus papatasi (50.52%), Phlebotomus sergenti (24.7%), Phlebotomus pernicuosis (9.69%), Phlebotomus longicuspis (5.54%), Sergentomyia falax (5.22%), Sergentomyia minuta (3.64%), Sergentomyia antenatal (0.4%) and Sergentomyia dreyfussi (0.2 %). With sticky traps, P. papatasi constituted 59% of collected samples against 23% for P. sergenti, 12% for P. pernicuosis and 6% for P. longicuspis. However with light traps, phototropism of P. sergenti was high and represented 56% of collected samples against 36% for P. papatasi and only 4% for P. pernicuosis and P. longicuspis. The trap technique influenced the dominance of females collected according to their physiological state. Non engorged females were dominant (77.73%) when sticky traps were used but gorged and gravid females were, respectively dominant (32.62 and 21.98%) when light traps were used. Statistical analysis showed that significantly more number of sand flies were obtained using sticky traps, compared with that of light traps. Sticky traps were found to be effective, as the sand flies entering the dwellings either for blood meal or mating got trapped, while light traps yielded relatively lesser number of sand flies species. Perhaps the sand flies which are influenced by the light were attracted towards the light traps. This information may be necessary for designing intervention measure and evaluation of the impact on sand fly prevalence in a CL focus area.
Key words: Sand flies, Psychodidae, phototropism, leishmania, Morocco.
Maazouz H. E and Mohammed Idrissi, *Abdellatif Boulif
Page: 86 - 93
Short Communication
African Journal of Parasitology Research Vol. 2 (2), pp. 055-058, February, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Short Communication
A comparative study of larvicidal activity of insecticidal plants against malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi
*Bachchan O. Malik, Mhasalkar P. Malik and Bachchan Nagarkar
Department of Pharmacognosy, Manipal University,Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 17 November, 2014
Abstract
The aim of this work was to compare larvicidal activity of insecticidal plants against malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. The larvicidal activity of Lantana camara Linn. and Bauhinia racemosa Lam., extracted in petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate were tested against mosquito larvae of A. stephensi. Late third or early fourth instar larvae were used for the screening. These extracts were used for determining the larvicidal activity using World Health Organization (WHO) method for evaluation of new larvicidal agents. The petroleum ether extract of L. camara showed highest larvicidal activity in comparison to petroleum ether extract of B. racemosa, and ethyl acetate extract of B. racemosa showed highest larvicidal activity in comparison to chloroform extract of L. camara against the mosquito vector A. stephensi. No mortality was observed in control. The result suggests the use of the plants in insect control as an alternative method for minimizing the noxious effect of some pesticide compounds on the environment. Thus, the extracts of whole plant of L. camara Linn. and leaf extracts of B. racemosa Lam. may deliver promising, more selective and biodegradable agents.
Key words: Lantana camara, Bauhinia racemosa, Anopheles stephensi.
*Bachchan O. Malik, Mhasalkar P. Malik and Bachchan Nagarkar
Page: 55 - 58
Research Article
African Journal of Parasitology Research Vol. 2 (4), pp. 082-085, April, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
An evaluation of the prevalence of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp and Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle on sixteen farms in three regions at north-eastern Algeria
*Ahlam Maurice Abbas, Ferhat Bouali and Djiilali Audin
Département des Sciences Vétérinaires, University of Batna, Batna, Algeria, Algeria.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 13 January, 2015
Abstract
The prevalence of Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp and Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle was studied on sixteen farms in three regions at north-eastern Algeria. 690 fecal samples were collected (330 cows and 360 calves aged 1 day to 12 months), were processed by a concentration technique (to examine them for Giardia spp. cysts and Eimeria spp. oocysts), followed by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining to examine them for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. were reported in 50.75 and 62.5% of all farms, respectively. The prevalence of Giardia spp. in calves and adults was 14.72 and 11.81%, respectively with a high level in calves aged 4 to 12 months compared to other age groups (p < 0.05). Cryptosporidium spp. was observed principally in calves 4 to 30 days old compared to other classes age of calves (p < 0.01) and the overall prevalence was 26.11% in calves and 18.78% in adults. Eimeria spp. oocysts were excreted by 12.77% of the calves and 4.54% of adults. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. were detected more frequently in diarrheic calves than in non-diarrheic calves (p < 0.01). The results demonstrated the presence of these parasites in various age groups of dairy cattle in Algeria which could have important economic and welfare implications.
Key words: Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp., diarrhea, calves, cows, Algeria.
Ferhat Bouali and Djiilali Audin, *Ahlam Maurice Abbas
Page: 82 - 85
Research Article
African Journal of Parasitology Research Vol. 2 (3), pp. 066-071, March, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study of the prevalence of hemoparasites of ruminants in and around Debre-Zeit, Central Ethiopia
Taddese Sebele1, Freaulai Zewedu2 and Afewerek Girma Getachew3*
1College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Dynamic International University College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
2School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa university, Awassa, Ethiopia.
3School of Veterinary Medicine, Admas University College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 15 January, 2015
Abstract
Prevalence of hemoparasites of ruminants (cattle, sheep and goat) in and around Debre-Zeit was determined using diagnostic records from November, 2010 to April, 2011. A total of 384 blood samples collected from ruminants present in Debre-Zeit town and surrounding peasant associated areas were examined by Giemsa stained, thin blood smears and Diff-quick method for hemoparasite. Packed cell volume (PCV) for each sample was estimated and hematocrit centrifugation (HCT) technique was used to determine the presence of hemoflagellates. An overall prevalence of hemoparasites was 6.3% which consisted of Anaplasma species (Anaplasma ovis 2.1%, Anaplasma marginale 1.6%, Anaplasma centerale 0.3%), Babesia species (Babesia bigeemina, Babesia bovis and Babesia ovis total of 0.9%) and Trypanosome species (only Trypanosome vivax 1.6%). The hemoparasite detected alone or in concurrent infection had a significant (P<0.05) effect on PCV of infected animals. The result of this study shows these hemoparasites are not endemic in ruminants in the study area, which may results in serious disease conditions when such animals are subjected to stress full condition.
Key words: Debre-Zeit, hemoparasites, prevalence, ruminants.
Taddese Sebele, Freaulai Zewedu and Afewerek Girma Getachew*
Page: 66 - 71
Research Article
African Journal of Parasitology Research Vol. 2 (1), pp. 046-054, January, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
An investigation on the dynamics of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from southern Benin and the metabolic resistance mechanisms involved
*Gildas Armel, Modeste Fabrice and Hervé Carlos
Department of Parasitology/Microbiology, National University of Benin, Abomey Calavi, Benin.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 17 December, 2014
Abstract
Permanet 2.0 distribution was made free in October, 2008 and May, 2009 in Oueme Department. OlysetNet distribution was also made free in July, 2011 throughout the entire country by Beninese National Malaria Control Programme to increase coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). We investigated the dynamics of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from southern Benin and the metabolic resistance mechanisms involved. Larvae and pupae of A. gambiae s. l. were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral and Oueme Departments. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2 to 5 days old with stock solutions of permethrin, deltamethrin and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). CDC biochemical assays using synergists were also carried out. A. gambiae Ladji populations were resistant to permethrin and DDT in 2008 and in 2013. A. gambiae Sekandji populations were susceptible to deltamethrin in 2008 and in 2013 whereas these populations were resistant to this product in 2010. A. gambiae Sekandji populations were resistant to DDT in 2008 and in 2013. The DDT resistance level in A. gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations recorded in 2013 was higher than the one observed in 2008. The metabolic resistance conferred by detoxifying enzymes is an indication of phenotypic resistance to both DDT and pyrethroids.
Key words: Dynamics, piperonyl butoxide, S.S.S-tributylphosphorotrithioate, ethacrynic acid, insecticide, vectors, resistance.
*Gildas Armel, Modeste Fabrice and Hervé Carlos
Page: 46 - 54
Research Article
African Journal of Parasitology Research Vol. 2 (6), pp. 108-112, June, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A cross-sectional study on the prevalence and risk factors associated with Toxocara canis infections in dogs
*Emmanuel Charles Kalu, Rotimi H. Emeka and Olaka K. Pascal
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted 17 February, 2015
Abstract
The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Toxocara canis infections in dogs. The study was conducted in three communities in Southwest Nigeria between January, 2011 and February, 2012. Faecal samples (n=474) were processed by modified Kato-Katz procedure. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for T. canis. An overall prevalence of 34.6% was recorded for T. canis . Intensity of infection, determined by the mean number of eggs per gram of faeces (±standard error of mean [SEM]) was 4301.2 ± 348.4. Age of dogs and the mode of life were identified as the significant risk factors for T. canis. The odds of being infected with T. canis decreased with age. Dogs aged 0 to 6 months were 7.9 times more likely to harbour T. canis than dogs aged 31 months and above. The odds of harbouring T. canis by stray dogs were 2.7 times more than the kennel dogs. This study shows that T. canis infection is high in puppies and stray dogs. There is the need for establishment of deworming program to improve the health status of the dogs and to reduce the risk of zoonotic infection in humans.
Key words: Parasitism, epidemiology, pets, toxocariasis, larva migrans.
Rotimi H. Emeka and Olaka K. Pascal, *Emmanuel Charles Kalu
Page: 108 - 112