ISSN 2736-1594
Research Article
International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Couvelaire uterus: literature review and description of technique for conservative management
Marina Bartolomeu de Carvalho1, Rachel Freitas Lopes Nunes1, Felipe José de Paiva Rocha2, Raíza de Almeida Aguiar3, Daniela Guimarães Discacciati4, Álvaro Luiz Lage Alves5 and Mário Dias Correa Junior6
1Resident in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais.
2Resident of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sofia Feldman Hospital.
3Gynecology and Obstetrics at the Sofia Feldman Hospital.
4Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais.
5Adjunct Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Sciences School of Minas Gerais. Obstetrician at Sofia Feldman Hospital and Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. PhD in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais.
6Associate Professor of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais. PhD in Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais.
Abstract
Accepted 11 November, 2019
Abstract
Couvelaire uterus is a severe complication of placental abruption. For decades, the standard treatment for Couvelaire's uterus was hysterectomy. However, the traditional concept that myometrial bleeding interferes with uterine contractility resulting in atony is no longer justified and hysterectomy may not always be necessary. The objective of the present work is to describe a technique used for uterine conservation in two cases of uteroplacental apoplexy.
Keywords: Postpartum haemorrhage; uterine artery; maternal mortality; fertility preservation.
Marina Bartolomeu de Carvalho, Felipe José de Paiva Rocha, Daniela Guimarães Discacciati, RaÃza de Almeida Aguiar, Ãlvaro Luiz Lage Alves and Mário Dias Correa Junior, Rachel Freitas Lopes Nunes
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https://doi.org/10.46882/IJOG/1105Research Article
International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN 2736-1594 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Use of injectable progestogen-only contraceptives at the family planning clinic of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria
Igwegbe AO and Ugboaja JO
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
Accepted 02 November, 2020
Abstract
This retrospective study investigates the use of, complications and discontinuation of injectable progestogen-only contraceptives at the family planning clinic of the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria. 392 (29.1%) of the 1345 new clients chose injectable progestogen-only contraceptives. Among them, 51.5% were spacers while 48.5% were limiters. Also 94.9% of the clients used depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) while 5.1% used norethisterone enanthate (NET-EN). Majority of the acceptors belonged to the 30-34 years age bracket (35.7%), were grandmultiparous (63.8%), and had achieved secondary education and above (74.5%). Ninety (23.0%) clients experienced various forms of side effects, of which menstrual irregularity was the commonest (5.6%). The overall discontinuation rate was 6.1%, and the main reason for discontinuation was desirefor pregnancy (4.1%). There was no pregnancy reported during the study period. The likelihood of reporting complications was significantly associated with age (x2= 34.06; p=0.00), and level of education (x2=10.18; p=0.00). The injectable progestogen-only contraceptives are not widely accepted in our centre, and are associated with a low discontinuation rate. There is need to scale up their use in the family planning program in the area.
Key words: Injectables, progestogen-only contraceptives, Nnewi, Nigeria.
Ugboaja JO, Igwegbe AO
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https://doi.org/10.46882/IJOG/1104Research Article
International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN 2736-1594 Vol. 9 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2021. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Prevalence of Escherichia coli in vagina of female patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection
Adegoke, Anthony A.* and Okoh, Anthony I.
Applied and Environment Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
Accepted 18 November, 2020
Abstract
We examined the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profile and extended spectrum β- lactamase (ESBL) production by transitory Escherichia coli among other bacteria in vagina of female patients with symptoms of urinary tract infection, using standard microbiological methods. One hundred and forty-four patients’ samples were collected, of which 123 isolates were recovered. The age of the patients ranged from 8 to 62 years, while the mean was 28.5. Twenty-nine isolates of E. coli (that is, 22.9% prevalence) was recovered, while other bacterial species and their frequencies of occurrence include Bacillus spp. (6.3%), Micrococcus spp. (2.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.5%), Streptococcus spp. (2.1%), Gardnerella spp. (20.8%), Lactobacillus spp. (62.5%), Escherichia vulneris (2.1%), Enterococcus spp. (4.2%), Arachnia spp (2.1%) and they exhibited resistance to various antibiotics. E. coli exhibited 22 to 78% resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamycin, nitrofurantoin, colistin, tetracycline, nalidixic, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin. Twenty E. coli isolates showed ESBL production by phenotypic confirmatory test and were resistant to third generation oral and parenteral cephalosporins as treatment options. High concomitant recovery of E. coli along with Gardnerella spp. (and Streptococcus spp.) among the divorcees and single parents showed that it might be sexually transmitted. The results also reiterate the relevance of nitrofurantoin in treatment of the genital bacterial infection. Therefore, it is imperative to screen and confirm ESBL production by any organism that showed resistance to the second and third generation Cephalosporins in a routine diagnostic laboratory work, though sanitary prophylaxis is preferentially recommended to prevent the entrance of difficult to-treat ESBL producers.
Key words: Vagina, prevalence, antibiotic, resistance, extended spectrum β-lactamase, Escherichia coli.
Anthony I., Adegoke , Anthony A.* and Okoh
Page: 1 - 5
https://doi.org/10.46882/IJOG/1103Review
International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN 2736-1594 Vol. 8 (12), pp. 001-006, December, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Review
Postmenopausal/menopause, bone mineral density and whole body vibration: a short review
Nelson S. Pinto1, Milena B. Monteiro2, Sebastião D. Santos-Filho3, Dulciane Paiva4, Tavares, A, Sotiris Missailidis7, Pedro J. Marín8,9, Mario Bernardo-Filho2, 10
1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brasil.
2Clínica de Fisioterapia e Biomedicina, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
3Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
4RS,
7The Open University, UK,
8Laboratory of Physiology, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain.
9Research Center on Physical Disability, ASPAYM, Castilla y León, Spain.
10Coordenadoria de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, INCa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Accepted 08 September, 2020
Abstract
The alteration of the bone mineral density (BMD) in the postmenopausal is related directly with the osteoporosis which frequently causes impaired in the physical, psychological and social life of the patients due to possible fractures or pain. Investigations about the effectiveness of the action of the vibration produced in oscillating platforms to treat postmenopausal women would be welcome. The aim of this work is to present a review about the published papers found in the PubMed in which there are information about the use of the whole body vibration (WBV) in postmenopausal women. As the increase of scientific interest in postmenopausal is evident, it was also evaluated, in the PubMed, the number of publications (NP) related with postmenopausal, some modalities of treatment and possible symptoms. The NP found in the PubMed in three keywords that can be used to study phenomena related with old women. It is verified that with the term menopause is found the biggest NP in the PubMed. The symptom with the biggest scientific interest, considering the NP is the hot flashes. A limited NP involving WBV exercises is found, that was bigger with postmenopausal than menopause. It is observed a strong interest in the studies involving osteoporosis and BMD. A small NP in menopause or postmenopausal with keywords involving BMD or osteoporosis and WBV was found. Twenty-six publications were analyzed and thirteen of them were common in at least two analyses. Eight papers were selected to be discussed. In general, all the authors agree that the WBV exercise can be a suitable therapeutic for preventing/reversing sarcopenia and possibly osteoporosis. In conclusion, the use of the PubMed to evaluate the scientific interest in menopause/postmenopausal is important; however the appropriate chose of the keyword is necessary. Although authors have described the relevance of the WBV exercises for the older women in menopause/postmenopausal, a small NP is found.
Keywords: Menopause; bone mineral density; whole body vibration; PubMed.
Nelson S. Pinto, Milena B. Monteiro, Pedro J. MarÃn and Mario Bernardo-Filho, Tavares , Dulciane Paiva, Sebastião D. Santos-Filho, Sotiris Missailidis
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https://doi.org/10.46882/IJOG/1102Review
International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN 2736-1594 Vol. 8 (12), pp. 001-006, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Review
A review of determinants of female genital mutilation in Nigeria
*Kolawole A.O.D, Anke van de Kwaak
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, ABUTH, Zaria. Formerly, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Accepted 09 November, 2020
Abstract
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or genital cutting, genital surgeries, excision or female circumcision are synonyms for procedures involving partial or total removal of parts or all of the female genital organs for cultural or non-medical purposes. It is often done before adulthood without consent and awareness of possible complications, thus may be a form of violence against women. FGM affects more than 100 million women with about 3 million annual cases globally. In Nigeria, it is widespread among different tribes and religious groups. It is commoner among the poorly educated, low socio-economic and low social-status groups. Although, UNICEF (2005) gave Nigerian national prevalence of 19%, others gave prevalence ranging from 1.5%-61%. It is a preventable public health issue with significant reproductive consequences. This paper reviewed books and journal articles retrieved using the catalogues of the KIT and Vrije University libraries. Internet search was done using search engines and data was retrieved from the WHO, Social Science and Medicine websites and Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The determinants of FGM were reviewed using the Lalonde (1974) model which include environment (socio-cultural, economic, and physical), health and hygiene, biologic and lifestyle determinants, other determinants like gender, globalization, religion and politics were used as framework to study factors which contribute to the continuation of FGM. The main determinants in Nigeria were environment, gender and healthcare. FGM occur in all geo-political zones in Nigeria. The trend to ‘medicalise’ FGM is worrisome and willingness of some mothers including health workers to perpetuate it shows the complexity of the determinants. Gender inequity and female subjugation as root causes of FGM should be tackled using advocacy, female education and economic empowerment.
Keywords: Female, genital mutilation, genital cutting, circumcision, clitoridectomy, infibulations, Nigeria.
*Kolawole A.O.D, Anke van de Kwaak
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https://doi.org/10.46882/IJOG/1101Research Article
International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN 2736-1594 Vol. 8 (11), pp. 001-006, November, 2020. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Prevalence and treatment outcome of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy in a rural community in Enugu State, Nigeria
P. A. Akah1, C. E. Nnamani1,2 and P.O. Nnamani3*
1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
2Nwa-Ossai Foundation Hospital, 20 Enugu Road Orba, P.O Box 932 Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
3Drug Delivery Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria
Accepted 01 November, 2020
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common condition, and an estimated 75 % of all women experience an infection with CANDIDA yeast during their lifetime. The study involved 901 pregnant women presenting to a rural hospital for ante-natal care within a period of ten months. Those with abnormal vaginal discharge or pruritus were screened for VVC. Those with symptomatic diagnosis of VVC were recruited for the cohort study after appropriate counseling and obtaining informed consent. Culture of high vaginal swab (HVS) and urinalysis were performed. Treatment of significant cases involved the use of nystatin and clotrimazole vaginal inserts. A total of four treatment groups (n = 157) were employed. Groups 1 and 2 received differently daily normal doses of the agents for 7 days respectively. Groups 3 and 4 received twice daily dosing of both agents for 7 days. In each case, the symptomatic response and re-culture of the HVS were repeated after treatment. Pharmacoeconomics of the two drugs was evaluated for the ten months period of the study and the prevalence of the VVC finally deduced. The result showed that the pregnant women had non-complicated VVC. Treatment outcome was generally the same with both nystatin and clotrimazole which invariably showed the same efficacy. In the first two groups, 72 % of those treated with once daily dosing of nystatin had their symptoms resolved within one week and 75 % achieved symptom resolution with clotrimazole during the same period. Some 96 % and 97 % of repeat culture of HVS for those that received twice daily dosing of the nystatin and clotrimazole had negative cultures respectively. The pharmacoeconomics of both agents reveal a remarkable difference in that a week treatment (once daily dosing) of nystatin costs ninety-one naira (N91. 00) which is less than $1 and clotrimazole for the same duration costs one hundred and sixty-eight naira (N168.00) which is $1.5. Going by cost minimization since both agents have similar outcomes, nystatin will naturally be selected. In the face of scarce resources, the costs and outcome analyses are valuable in therapeutic decisions.
Keywords: Vulvovaginal candidiasis; Prevalence; Pregnant women; Ante-natal; Nigeria.
P. A. Akah, C. E. Nnamani and P.O. Nnamani*
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https://doi.org/10.46882/IJOG/1100