International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-004, April, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

Brief Communication: Antenatal glucocorticoids and neonatal outcomes in type 1 diabetes pregnancy

Claire L. Meek [ORC ID 0000-0002-4176-8329] ^1,2,3*, Zoe Stewart⁴, Samuel Furse¹, Jennifer Yamamoto⁵, Catherine E. Aiken^1,6, Denice S. Feig⁷, Albert Koulman¹, Helen R. Murphy^2,8,9

¹The Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes’s Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. ²Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrinology Clinic, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrookes’s Hospital, Box 289, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. ³Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrookes’s Hospital, Box 281, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. ⁴Academic Clinical Lecturer in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. ⁵Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. ⁶Department of Obstetrics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrookes’s Hospital, Box 281, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. ⁷Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. ⁸Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. ⁹Department of Women and Children’s Health, King’s College London, London, UK.

Accepted 17 December, 2021

Abstract

Rationale: Antenatal glucocorticoids are associated with improved outcomes in preterm infants, but their role is unclear in term offspring of high-risk pregnancies. For example, antenatal glucocorticoid administration in mothers with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in pregnancy has been reported to increase neonatal hypoglycemia risk, a common complication in this population. Both neonatal hypoglycemia and its cause, neonatal hyperinsulinism, may have chronic consequences on offspring neurological and cardiometabolic function. Objective: We aimed to assess the impact of antenatal glucocorticoid administration upon neonatal hypoglycemia risk and hyperinsulinism (assessed using cord blood C-peptide) in T1D pregnancy. Methods: We used data from the CONCEPTT randomized controlled trial of continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with T1D. Antenatal glucocorticoid administration was not randomised but given according to local protocols for perceived clinical need. C-peptide was measured in cord blood using an immunoassay. Results: Infants exposed to antenatal glucocorticoids had increased rates of neonatal complications, as expected, which were mostly explained by differences in gestational age at delivery. However, associations with elevated cord blood C-peptide, a marker of offspring hyperinsulinism, remained significant despite adjustment for gestational age and maternal hyperglycemia. Conclusions: Further assessment of risks and benefit of antenatal glucocorticoid administration in T1D pregnancy is warranted.

Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; pregnancy; antenatal glucocorticoids; neonatal hypoglycemia; Cord C-peptide; hyperinsulinism; perinatal complications.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-007, April, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Ultrasound image acquisition by a personal computer-Application of artificial neural network

Mitra Ahmad Soltani-MD, MS

Lutalo Medical Research Corporation 15- Shariaty all- Kord St- Ressalat HW- Tehran –Iran. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 00989127964990.

Accepted 20 January, 2022

Abstract

Traditional probes consist of 40 to 60 crystals each attached to a pin attached to a specialized cable of minimum 2 to 3 m. Each crystal has piezoelectric properties. To capture images by personal computers to improve accessibility and reduce the cost of having ultrasonic image with special reference to obstetrics and gynecology emergency settings, a probe was designed consisting of three Doppler transducers (each with 4 pins hence generating 4 signals, altogether 12 signal) that by an analog switching with micro (1000 HZ per second) can generate 12000 signals per second changing the scan line form linear into a plane. The signals are translated into WAV sound format file that can be displayed by a Windows-based program of a personal computer. The pattern produced is created by the sound of blood flow in an organ. This vascular pattern was matched with traditional sonography of the organ. By training the network, the resolution of images can be improved further based on the formula: output = 0.77*target + 38. The probe can capture images 1/6 resolution of a traditional probe, deeper penetration (19 cm depth), 1/34 price and weight of a traditional ultrasound equipment.

Key words: Doppler transducers, scan line, artificial neural network, ultrasound, obstetrics and gynecology.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (4), pp. 001-005, April, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Papers

Evaluation of the fallopian tubes in infertile women by hysterosalpingography in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Daniel Admassie and Yewebdar Negatuy

Department of Radiology, Addis Ababa University, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Med J 46:391-5. 2008

Accepted 09 November, 2021

Abstract

Infertility is a common public health problem especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) has for many years been employed in the evaluation of infertility for assessment of tubal patency and tubal or intrauterine lesions. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the structural abnormality of the fallopian tubes in infertile women with hysterosalpingography in Tikur Anbessa Hospital (TAH). Retrospective analysis of clinical records of 331 women with infertility problem who underwent HSG in TAH from March 1, 2003 to March 31, 2006 was done. Infertility unit in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department in collaboration with Radiology Department compiled the data. Primary infertility is more common (60%) than secondary infertility (40%). Tubal pathologies accounted for 261 (78.9%) of the total sample. The age group of 23 to 27 years and 33 to 37 years accounted for the majority of cases of primary and secondary infertility respectively. Tubal pathology accounted for 78.9% of infertility in this study. HSG should continue serving as a valuable means of investigation (imaging modality) in infertile women of reproductive age group related to tubal pathology.

Key words: Infertility, hysterosalpingography, tubal pathologies.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (3), pp. 001-006, March, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Dramatic scenario of urogenital Candida albicans in presence of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB)

Mohammed Sh. Jebur

Institute of Medical Technology, Foundation of Technical Education, Babalmuaathem Square, Baghdad, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: (00964) 416-9844. Fax: (00964) 415-0010.

Accepted 05 September, 2021

Abstract

Yeast infections of the vagina are more prevalence and frequently recurring problem of women. Such infections are caused primarily by Candida albicans and apparently occur when the environmental balance in the-vagina is disturbed. Lactobacillus acidopbilus restricts the growth of pathogenic microorganisms per se displayingwide inhibitory spectrum substances. Fifteen (30%) C. albicans isolates were obtained through 50 vaginal swabs from patients who visited the obstetrics and Gynecology clinic departments of hospitals in Baghdad city during the period of March to July 2010. Local isolates of L. acidophilus was evaluated as antifungal activity against vaginal isolates of C. albicans. Such activity was comprised with common four antifungal agents (Nystatine, Fluconazol, Griseofulvin and Amphotricin B). Susceptibility of C. albicans isolates to L. acidophilus bacteria were determined by means of disc diffusion assay. Results of susceptibility were showed in-vitro that all isolates 15 (100%) sensitive to Nystatine after cultivation on ESDA agar at 37°C for 24 h. Sensitivity of C. albicans to L. acidophilus suspension was less than Nystaine but still high with 13 sensitive isolates (86.6%). Fluconazol and Griseofulvin antifungal agents were showed same susceptibility of 10 sensitive isolates (66.6%) against C. albicans growth, while Amphotricin B had relatively low sensitivity with 7 isolates (46.5%). All results of susceptibility are being detected by the importance of L. acidophilus bacteria in re equilibrium normal flora of vagina that prevent or reduce the chances of vaginal infection especially recurrent vaginal candidiasis (RVC) cases. Also the findings of the study suggest that using of yoghurt as local application can be an important role to reduce or prevent RVC cases, and this can be verify by continuous efforts to make sure of probiotic effects of lactobacilli species.

Key words: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Candida albicans, vaginitis.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (2), pp. 001-004, February, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of infection with Nisseria Gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia Trachomatis in women visitors of gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Zanjan Province of Iran

Baghchesaraei Hamid¹, Amini Braham¹* and Hossaini Mohtaram²

¹Medical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Skahrak Karmandan, Zanjan, Iran.

²Emam Hossain Hospital, Zanjan, Iran.

Accepted 19 August, 2021

Abstract

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) are two of the major causes of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in many countries. There is little information about the prevalence of STIs in Zanjan Province of Iran. This study determines the prevalence of CT and NG cervical infection in women visitors of gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Zanjan. In this descriptive study, three hundred and twenty eight vaginal samples were collected from women referred to gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Zanjan, Iran from 1 to 29 April, 2009. NG was diagnosed by direct Gram staining and inoculation on modified Thayer Martin (MTM) agar with final identification, using commercial API NH kit and CT. This was done measuring serum IgM antibodies to C. trachomatis by commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Prevalence of recent chlamydia and gonorrhea cervical infections at enrollment was 10.3 and 0.9%, respectively. Among sexual risk behaviors, only education was significantly associated with incident of CT. Variables not associated with the risk of CT cervical infection included age, method of contraception and number of sexual partners. These findings emphasize conduction of comprehensive and scheduled program of prevalence survey, aimed at reducing prevalence rate of STIs in the entire Zanjan.

Key word: Neisseria gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), prevalence.

International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ISSN: 2736-1594 Vol. 10 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2022. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infections in symptomatic women by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immunofluorescence and Giemsa stain

Mona Mohammadzadeh¹, Noor Amirmozafari², Nasrin Shayanfar³, Reza Ranjbar⁴ and Mohammad Rahbar^5,6*

¹Department of Microbiology, Branch of Karaj Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.

²Department of Microbiology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.

³Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.

⁴Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

⁵Department of Microbiology, Iranian Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran, Iran.

⁶Antimicrobial Resistance Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Accepted 09 September, 2021

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis is a ubiquitous human pathogen that is responsible for the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Studies show that polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is more sensitive than cellular culture for detection of C. trachomatis infections. The aim of this study is to compare different laboratory methods, including Giemsa staining, direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) and PCR for detection of C. trachomatis in women with urethral symptoms. In this study, 130 women with urethral symptoms admitted in the gynecology clinic, were used and specimens were obtained with endocervical swab for Giemsa staining, DFA and PCR. All the cases underwent these three techniques. Demographic data and the medical history of patients were obtained by direct interview; however, the mean age of cases was 33.8±9.06. Clinical symptoms included abnormal vaginal discharge in 101 cases (77.7%), spotting in 14 cases (10.8%), dysmenorrheal in 7 cases (5.4%), irritation in 6 cases (4.6%) and dysuria in 2 cases (1.5%). In DFA technique, 5 cases (3.8%) were positive and 3 (2.3%) were suspicious, while in the PCR technique, 6 cases (4.6%) were positive for C. trachomatis. However, 3 suspicious cases with DFA were negative in PCR. There was no positive case for C. trachomatis in Giemsa staining. In conclusion, C. trachomatis was not frequent in this study and it can be concluded that this infection was not a major hygienic problem in the same populations that were previously studied. Consequently, the causes that necessitate monogamy could be related to religious causes. Frequency of Chlamydia detection of DFA and PCR was same in the two groups. Nonetheless, Giemsa staining is not a reliable method for evaluating C. trachomatis.

Key words: Chlamydia trachomatis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA).