International Journal of Histology and Cytology

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-013, June, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Review

Urokinase - A strong plasminogen activator

Adinarayana Kunamneni^{1, 2}*, Bhavani Devi Ravuri¹, Poluri Ellaiah¹, Taadimalla Prabhakhar¹ and Vinjamuri Saisha¹

¹Departamento de Biocatálisis, Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica, CSIC, C/ Marie Curie 2, Cantoblanco, 28049—Madrid, Spain.

²Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Division, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam - 530 003, India.

Accepted 17 May, 2020

Abstract

Urokinase (UK) is a serine protease, which specifically cleaves the proenzyme/zymogen plasminogen to form the active enzyme plasmin. It specifically catalyzes the cleavage of the Arg- Val bond in plasminogen. The active plasmin is then able to break down the fibrin polymers of blood clots. Clinically, UK is given to patients suffering from thrombolytic disorders. Among the plasminogen activators, UK provides a superior alternative for the simple reasons of its being more potent as compared to tissue-plasminogen activator and non-antigenic by virtue of its human origin unlike streptokinase. Based on these observations, UK is a strong plasminogen activator. Hence, UK, as one of the most potent plasminogen activators is attracting a great deal of attention. The mechanism of action, physico-chemical properties, in vitro production, cloning and expression, and clinical applications of UK are reviewed in this paper.

Key words: Urokinase (UK), plasminogen activators, fibrinolysis, strong plasminogen activator, production, cloning and expression, physico-chemical properties and clinical applications.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 7 (6), pp. 001-004, June, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

In vitro regeneration of Turkish dwarf chickling (Lathyrus cicera L) using immature zygotic embryo explant

Nurdan Sahin-Demirbag, Hayrettin Kendir, Khalid Mahmood Khawar*, and Cemalettin Yasar Ciftci

Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ankara, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey.

Accepted 14 May, 2020

Abstract

Dwarf chickling (Lathyrus cicera L) is an important forage legume crop. However, due to the presence of neurotoxin amino acid (b-N-oxalyl- L-a,b-diaminopropionic acid) in the dwarf chickling, its cultivation is limited. There is need to carry out studies for the development of varieties with reduced or none of this neurotoxin for beneficial and prolong consumption by animals. The study reports tissue culture approaches for multiplication of the plant using thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and - naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) from immature zygotic embryos of the plant. The highest number (16.25) of shoots per explant was recorded on MS medium supplemented with 0.45 mg/l TDZ and 0.4 mg/l ascorbic acid. Much reduced shoot regeneration was recorded on MS medium containing different combinations BAP+NAA+ascorbic acid. The TDZ-regenerated shoots were rooted by pulse treatment with 50 mg/l IBA for 7 min. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized under the greenhouse conditions.

Key words: Immature zygotic embryos, dwarf chickling, Lathyrus cicera L., axillary shoot regeneration, rooting.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Regeneration of Sudanese maize inbred lines and open pollinated varieties

Rasha Adam Omer^{1, 2}, Abdelbagi M. Ali², Jonathan M. Matheka¹ and Jesse Machuka¹*

¹Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya.

²Agricultural Research Corporation, P.O. Box 126, Wad Medani, Sudan.

Accepted 10 January, 2020

Abstract

Eight maize inbred lines and three open pollinated varieties from Sudan were evaluated for their response to tissue culture. Immature embryos obtained 16 days after pollination were used as explants for callus induction. Calli were induced on LS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Callus induction capacity was highest in inbred lines IL3, IL15 and IL1. The Varieties Hudiba-2 and Hudiba-1 were not statistically different (P >0.05) in callus induction. The capacity for embryogenic callus formation was highest in inbred line IL3 followed by IL1 and IL38 and in varieties Hudiba-2 and Hudiba-1. Inbred lines IL16, IL42, IL43 and IL28 had the lowest embryogenic callus formation capacity. Plant regenerating genotypes were IL3, IL38, IL15, IL1, Hudiba-2 and Mojtamaa-45. Inbred line IL3 was the most regenerable genotype with a shoot formation frequency of 76% averaging 6 shoots per callus. The highest regenerating variety was Mojtamaa-45, which averaged 5 shoots per callus.

Keywords: Sudanese maize genotypes, embryogenic callus, regeneration, and tissue culture.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 7 (5), pp. 001-006, May, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of vitamin C on collagen biosynthesis and degree of birefringence in polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT)

S. R. Sharma¹, R. Poddar¹, P. Sen², and J. T. Andrews^1,3*

¹Applied Optics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835 215 India.

²Department of Physics, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore 452 001, India.

³Department of Applied Physics, SGS Institute of Technology & Science, Indore - 452003 India.

Accepted 13 February, 2020

Abstract

Nearly one third of protein in the body consists of collagen. It plays a key role in providing the structural scaffolding for cells, tissues, and organs. With available literature, we show that prolonged exposure of cultures of human connective-tissue cells to ascorbate (vitamin C) induces an eight-fold increase in the synthesis of collagen with no increase in the rate of synthesis of other proteins. Making advantage of increased degree of polarization due to enhanced rate of collagen biosynthesis in the presence of vitamin C, we propose a better imaging modality for diagnosing thermal damage in human tissues.

Key words: Collagen, vitamin C, triple helix, birefringence, optical coherence tomography.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology ISSN 2756-3707 Vol. 7 (4), pp. 001-008, April, 2020. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A comparative study of the atheroprotective potential of heparin and atorvastatin in hypercholesterolemic rats

Vijayabaskar, P.¹, Sethupathy, S.² and Somasundaram, S. T.¹*

¹Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai –608 502, Tamilnadu, India.

²Division of Biochemistry, Rajah Muthiah Medical College and Hospital, Annamalai University, Annamalai nagar -608002, Tamilnadu, India.

Accepted 01 January, 2020

Abstract

The present study is to evaluate the effect of standard drug heparin and atorvastatin on the atherogenic disturbances in hypercholesterolemic atherogenic animals. Six groups of male Wistar rats were employed in this study, of which three groups received atherogenic CCT diet (rat chow supplemented with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid and 0.5% thiouracil) for 17 days. Two groups were treated with standard heparin (200 units/kg/day, s.c) and atorvastatin (1.34 mg/kg/day, oral gavage) respectively commencing from 10^th day of the experimental period with the remaining group served as control. Another 3 groups received normal rat chow diet during the entire experimental period. One group received only CCT diet while the other two groups received heparin and atorvastatin respectively. Increase in the plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein induced by CCT diets were normalized by heparin and statin treatment. The CCT diet induced abnormal rise with the plasma hepatic marker enzymes alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminases and aspartate transaminases, plasma urea, glucose and creatinine levels were restored to normal with the treated groups. The CCT diet induced lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities were restored to normal in the treated groups. Standard heparin and atorvastatin intervention minimized the atherogenic diet induced histopathological lesions in liver, kidney and aortic tissues.

Key words: CCT diet, Atherosclerosis, standard heparin, atorvastatin, LCAT, LPL.