International Journal of Histology and Cytology

International Journal of Histology and Cytology Vol. 1 (4), pp. 031-036, April, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Histological changes in liver, gills and kidney of catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis) exposed to cypermethrin concentration

Adebola K.* and Folorunsho Ayo

Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 12 March, 2014

Abstract 

Fingerlings of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (mean weight 11.88 g) were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of cypermethrin (0.032, 0.034, 0.036, 0.038 and 0.040 ml/L), a toxicant, and the histological effects were recorded. The 96 h bioassays were also conducted to determine the lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of cypermethrin on the test fish. The 96 h LC₅₀ of H. bidorsalis exposed to Cypermethrin was 0.036 ml/L. The physical reactions observed in the fish were: discolorations of the skin, erratic swimming, loss of reflex, hyperactivities, surfacing, and these effects increased with increasing concentration of the toxicants and duration of exposure. The pH and dissolved oxygen of the test media showed slight decrease from lowest concentration (0.032 ml/L) to the highest concentration (0.040 ml/L) while the temperature increased slightly with increasing concentration (0.032, 0.034, 0.036, 0.038 and 0.040 ml/L). The histological examination of the gills, kidney, livers of the fish after 96 h showed pathological changes and alterations such as gills infiltration, inflammation of the livers, vacuolation and necrosis. There was excessive necrosis degeneration in higher concentrations (0.038 and 0.040 ml/L) and there was increase in mortality as the concentrations increased.

Key words: Histology, cypermethrin, xenobiotic, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, acute toxicity, LC₅₀.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology Vol. 1 (3), pp. 026-030, March, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Valproic acid effects on renal corpuscle of pregnant rats: Defensive Strategies of folic acid and vitamin E

Murat Erkan, Omer Teoman and Kardelen Barut

Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.

Email: [email protected]

Accepted 24 February, 2014

Abstract 

We aimed to investigate the potential harmful effects of valproic acid (VPA), a widely used anticonvulsant in child delivery, and the protective effects of vitamin E (Vit E) and folic acid (FA) on kidney. Sodium valproate (400 mg/kg), folic acid (400 mg/kg) and vitamin E (250 mg/kg) were administered to rats on each of gestation days, 8 ^th, 9 ^th, and 10 ^th. The rats were sacrificed on the 20 ^th day of pregnancy. With thin sections of kidney biopsies, they were stained with uranyl acetate-lead citrate and examined under transmission electron microscope. The animals were divided into four groups randomly: control, VPA, VPA+FA and VPA+Vit E groups. In each group, drug procedure, surgical procedure and histological methods were performed. The histopathological findings of control group was normal. In VPA group, it showed degenerative changes especially in renal glomerular basal membrane and foot process. Both VPA+FA and VPA+Vit E groups exhibited similar ultrastructural changes and had almost the normal structure. Administration of single doses of SV (400 mg/kg) resulted in degenerative changes on kidney at ultrastructural level. Administration of FA and Vit E had a protective effect by preventing the degenerative changes to a certain degree. The aim of the present study is to examine histopathologic changes which may occur in a high risk experimental model after the administration of valproic acid. In addition, protective roles of the administration of folic acid and vitamin E are assessed.

Key words: Folic acid, kidney, rat, valproic acid, vitamin E.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology Vol. 1 (3), pp. 024-025, March, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Short Communication

A detailed Observation of 24 h oral administration of Sorghum bicolor extracts on albino rats

Okocha Nwabueze* and Chinedu Nwafor

Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 04 February, 2014

Abstract

The histological effects of oral administration of the alcoholic extract of Sorghum bicolor on albino rats were investigated. The alcoholic extract was dried and resuspended in distilled water and the following quantities were administered orally to the albino rats per kg body weight: 10, 100, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2900 mg while normal saline solution served as control. The rats were dissected after 24 h. Tissues from the heart, liver, and kidney were histologically processed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and the sections subjected to histopathological examination. Results showed that albino rats fed with S. bicolor extracts in doses above 2000 mg/kg body weight showed observable changes of varying degrees of congestion in the heart, liver and kidney according to the concentration of doses injected. Lethal dose of 2900 mg/kg was observed arising from periportal inflammation and vacuolation of the hepatocytes.

Key words: Sorghum bicolor extract, lethal dose, albino rats, histopathology.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology Vol. 1 (2), pp. 020-023, February, 2014.© International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Observation on the embryos in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) and the induction of anther calluses

Zhong Wang and Yang Teng

Faculty of Science, Tsinghua University, P.O. Box 400165, Beijing, China.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 27 February, 2014

Abstract 

Morphological and histological studies were conducted systematically for the first time on the induction of anther derived calluses and embryos in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.). The results showed that the calluses were derived from microspores and both microspores and capillaments, when capillaments were not completely scraped off. Upon transfer onto the embryo differentiation medium, two types of calluses were formed within 5 to 7 days: 90% non-embryogenic calluses (NECs) and 10% embryogenic calluses (ECs). The NECs and ECs differed significantly in morphological and histological features. NECs were compact with a smooth surface and there was no evidence of the formation of adventitious buds or embryos, while ECs were uneven with a crisp texture and loose structure and were beginning to form salient multicellular structures on the surface. NECs cells had little cytoplasm that stained only lightly, few large vacuoles, no or only a small nucleus and wide intercellular spaces. NECs had a very low cell division capability and turned brown and eventually became necrotic. EC cells were smaller, globular and abundant in cytoplasm, with one or two big nuclei located in the centre of tightly aligned heavily stained cells. They had a high capability for cell division and continued to divide and produced somatic pro-embryos which could develop further through the typical globular, heart, torpedo and cotyledon stages. Although only 10% of ECs were induced they had a high differentiation rate and produced 12.7 globular, 8.1 heart-shape, 3.8 torpedo and 10.7 cotyledonary embryos per EC after 48 days of induction.

Key words: Eriobotrya japonica Lindl., non-embryogenic callus (NEC), embryogenic callus (EC), morphology, histology.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology Vol. 1 (2), pp. 010-019, February, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Relative therapeutic potentials of formulated herbal extract and acarbose on diabetic rats

Matisse Berkan and Mehmet Eren

Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 02 January, 2014

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used for the treatment of diabetes. A commercial herbal formulated extract, which consists of 13 herbal extract (F13), is also described to have a potential antidiabetic action. The aim of this study was to determine the comparative effects of acarbose and F13 on type 2 diabetic rats. Three to five weeks after induction of diabetes by single dose systemic administration of streptozotocin and nicotinamide (STZ-NA), diabetic rats were treated with acarbose and F13 for two weeks. After the treatment period, the blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA₁c), triglyceride, cholesterol and nitric oxide synthases (NOS) levels, as well as liver and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were determined. Renal filtration changes were determined by measuring urine creatinine, plasma creatinine and creatinine clearance. Histological analyses were also performed in liver and kidney. The rats in diabetic groups had significantly higher blood glucose levels than control groups. Induction of diabetes was confirmed by histological analyses of liver and kidney tissues. High blood glucose level in diabetic rats results in peroxidative reactions in lipids, thus MDA levels were increased in diabetic control while acarbose and F13 treatment reduced MDA production. Also, increased SOD levels were found in STZ-NA diabetic rat liver. Both acarbose and F13 treatment, however, showed similar improving effects on diabetic complication in diabetes. Our results, therefore, support the validity of this herbal extract on the management of diabetes as well as diabetes-induced liver and renal complications.

Key words: Acarbose, type 2 diabetes mellitus, free radicals, herbal preparation, histology, rats.

International Journal of Histology and Cytology Vol. 1 (1), pp. 005-009, January, 2014. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The beneficial attribute and Seed histology of recalcitrant (Eurycoma longifolia) plants during germination

Fieyra  Sanmugam*, Syahmi Aman and Thamotharan Shajahan

School of Biological Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia, P.O Box 2583, Semenyih, Malaysia.

E-mail: [email protected]

Accepted 28 December, 2013

Abstract 

Seed morphology and histology analysis of Eurycoma longifolia by light microscopes revealed seeds structures of this important medicinal plant at different growing stages. The seed structures of E. longifolia consist of main regions such as epidermis, hypodermis, storage parenchyma and procambium. The cotyledon of E. longifolia develops into a complex and reticulate vascular system. The seed development phases and the development of the vascular system on the progression of germination provide the insight of the actual and accurate information on the E. longifolia cotyledon development period. This information is essential for using the seed as the source of inoculums for the production of the hairy root cultures. Seeds being the storage organ may facilitate the generation of the hairy roots, as it evidently has the essential features like tracheas, which are the main site of infection for Agrobacterium rhizogenes.

Key words: Eurycoma longifolia, seed, histology, Agrobacterium rhizogenes.