International Journal of Management and Business Studies

International Journal of Management and Business Studies ISSN 2167-0439 Vol. 15 (3), pp. 001-007, March, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Beyond Boundaries: Measuring the Degree of Virtuality in Contemporary Organizations

Ales Groznik1, Peter Weber2* and Tomaz Kern3

1Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
2Independent researcher, Slovenia.
3Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Maribor, Slovenia.

Accepted 16 October, 2025

A virtual organisation is a network of legally independent organisations and/or individuals that produces products and/or services based on a common business understanding. The characteristics of today’s new, virtual organisation forms are that they are dynamic, networked, distributed, flexible, collaborative and innovative, and driven by information technology. Yet the challenge is to scientifically determine which organisation as a subject employs a virtual form and which not. The answer to this question is decidedly complex as most organisations have some virtuality elements that are more expressed than others. Therefore, it is usually only possible to determine how virtual a single organisation is in certain aspects. In this paper we investigate and present all published virtual organisation models that are publicly available in world literature. As none of the available models proved to be applicable for the research into virtual organisations we would like to conduct, we decided to develop a new model for assessing an organisation’s virtuality. The purpose of this paper is to present our experience with the design of the new model, which is the framework for our ongoing research.

Key words:Virtual organisation assessment, virtual organisation models, organisation virtuality.
 

International Journal of Management and Business Studies ISSN 2167-0439 Vol. 15 (3), pp. 001-012, March, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

The Evolution of Spanish Digital Terrestrial Television Through Technological Roadblocks and Market Consolidation

Félix Roux Martínez¹ and Mónica García-Ochoa Mayor²*

¹Department of Business Administration, Industrial Organization and Statistics, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain. ²Department of Business Administration, Complutense University of Madrid, Campus de Somosaguas (Pabellón de Tercero), Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain.

Accepted 14 November, 2025

This paper analyzes the process of television digitalization in Spain and its regulatory framework, concluding that the promotion of already established terrestrial technology has resulted in the development of entry barriers to alternative technologies, such as satellite. The Spanish regulation and its implementation are analyzed in this paper, especially with regard to public funding to support the development of terrestrial networks. The conclusion suggests that the Spanish regulatory bodies should define an interconnection framework to allow different operators to compete in distribution. Additionally, the separation of the various satellite markets, in particular transport to feed terrestrial networks and direct to home distribution (DTH), would be advisable.

Key words: Transition to digital TV, regulation, barriers to entry, broadcasting services, satellite, Spain.

International Journal of Management and Business Studies ISSN 2167-0439 Vol. 15 (2), pp. 001-014, February, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Strategic Management of Real Estate Referrals: Current Status and Future Directions

M. Roberts-Lombard

Department of Marketing Management, University of Johannesburg, Kingsway Campus, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +27 (11) 559 3031 (w). Fax: +27 (11) 559 4948 (w).

Accepted 17 November, 2025

Increasing role specialization and the partial disintegration of the traditional family structure, social groups, as well as community entities have led buyers (consumers and businesses alike) to search for expert advice on products and services that has been provided informally through local social networks, as family members and peers. Marketing practitioners and theorists also routinely cite the power of the personal referral on customer behaviour. However, relatively few businesses have tried to harness the power of word-of-mouth (WOM). The purpose of the article is to indicate what the current status is of the relationships which estate agencies in the Gauteng Province, South Africa have with their referral market, and to provide recommendations to the management of estate agencies in the province regarding the improved application of the principles of relationship marketing to this market. The target population for this study was 1025 estate agencies, of which 250 managers and/or owners participated through personal interviews in the completion of questionnaires. Data analysis was done by calculating averages and standard deviations, Cronbach a-values, p-values, the paired sample T-test, as well as standard marginal homogeneity test statistics. To strengthen their position in a highly competitive industry, estate agencies need to identify positive word-of-mouth referrers who can form part of their marketing strategy. Information pertaining to the products and services of the estate agency can be provided to these individuals to develop their value-added advantage to the marketing strategy of the business. Finally, estate agencies in Gauteng also need to provide customers with products (that is, property) and service delivery of a high quality. As a result, the estate agency can secure that the communication of their customers to the general public will ensure that the latter will purchase the products and services of the estate agency.

Key words: Estate agency, referrer, referral market, referral market relationships.
 

International Journal of Management and Business Studies ISSN 2167-0439 Vol. 15 (2), pp. 001-006, February, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A Logistic Regression Approach to Identifying Top-Performing Mutual Funds

Che-Yang Lin¹, Ya-Chen Hsu²* and Meng-Chun Kao¹

¹Department of Finance, Yuanpei University, 306, Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan.
²Department of Business Administration, Yuanpei University, 306, Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu City 30015, Taiwan.

Accepted 16 October, 2025

This paper investigates how mutual fund managers’ characteristics influence their funds performance. The majority of mutual funds available to Taiwan investors are actively managed. Apparently, investors will expect the active equity fund managers to provide better performance than passive managers do. We apply logistic regression, which adopt the performance of Polaris Taiwan Top 50 Tracker Fund (TTT) as the benchmark, to examine the relationship between fund managers’ characteristics and fund performance. The results show that fund size and the fund manager’s gender, seniority, and educational background significantly influence fund performance. All else equal, investors can expect higher odds for their fund performance beating TTT if their funds are managed by a female or a senior fund manager, or by a manager graduated from domestic public college or from overseas college.

Key words: Polaris Taiwan top 50 tracker fund, logistic regression, mutual fund performance, mutual fund manager.
 

International Journal of Management and Business Studies ISSN 2167-0439 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-009, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Construct Validity of the Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument in South Africa

René van Wyk* and Mandla Adonisi

Gordon Institute for Business Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Accepted 17 October, 2025

The USA developed Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument (CEAI) (Hornsby, Kuratko and Zahra, 2002) is used to assess and implement a corporate entrepreneurial strategy. As psychometric instruments cannot necessarily be transferred between different cultures, the main objective of this study is to investigate the construct validity of CEAI, for a South African sample. An exploratory principal factor analysis with oblique rotation investigated the five-factor 48-item CEAI using a South African sample of 333 managers. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an eight-factor 34-item solution (alphas in brackets): Work discretion (0.84), Management support and risk-taking (0.82), Rewards/ reinforcement (0.75), Innovative initiatives (0.84), Financial support (0.73), Sufficient time (0.76), Organizational boundaries (0.81) and Inadequate time (0.67). The application of this eight-factor scale is a powerful tool that allows management to investigate and communicate entrepreneurial expectations and facilitate entrepreneurial actions effectively.

Key words: Construct validity, Corporate Entrepreneurship Assessment Instrument (CEAI), portability, metric equivalence.
 

International Journal of Management and Business Studies ISSN 2167-0439 Vol. 15 (1), pp. 001-005, January, 2026. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

A Comparative Analysis of Somatotypes and Anthropometric Characteristics Among Male and Female Sailors in Izmir Turkey

Atilla Pulur

School of Physical Education and Sports, Gazi University, Ankara- Turkey. E-mail:[email protected]: +90 312 202 35 00. Fax: +90 312 212 22 74

Accepted 15 November, 2025

This study aimed to determine the physical and physiological profiles of sailors. The study group comprised 36 sportsmen (25 males, 11 females), of 7 nationalities, who took part in the intercollegiate sailing championship in Izmir, Turkey. The age, body weight, height, skinfold thickness, measurements of breadth and circumference, somatotype, anaerobic power, reaction times, flexibility and respiration parameters of the sailors were measured. The average age of the female sailors was 22.18±2.09; sport age was 12.45±4.32; sailing age was 9.60±4.50. The average age of the male sailors was 23.4±2.69; sport age was 13.92±3.33; sailing age was 10.92+4.74. Average body weight of the female sailors was 58.36±6.14 kg and 70.28+5.33 kg for the males. The height of the female sailors was 165.55±5.77 cm, and that of the male sailors was 176.60±5.79 cm. The body fat percentage of the female sailors was 17.74±2.30% and that of the male sailors was 8.98±1.83%. Somatotypes were determined to be endomorphic mesomorph for the female participants and ectomorphicmesomorph for the male participants. In conclusion, when the physical and physiological profiles of the sailors in the present study were compared to those of other sports, similar values were found.

Key words: Sailing, physical and physiological characteristics.