International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 6 (6), pp. 001-009, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Effect of irrigation with wastewater and foliar fertilizer application on some forage characteristics of foxtail millet (SETARIA  ITALICA)

Amir Ahmadi Aghtape, Ahmad Ghanbari*, Alireza Sirousmehr, Baratali Siahsar, Mohamadreza Asgharipour and Abolfazl Tavssoli

Department of Agronomy and plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Iran.

Accepted13 March, 2019

Abstract

In order to study effects of treated wastewater, with complete fertilizer sprayed on some forage quantitative and qualitative characteristics of foxtail millet (SETARIA ITALICA), A split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (R.C.B design) with three replicates was carried out at the Agriculture Institute of Zabol University in south east Iran during 2009 growing season. Treatments included three levels of irrigation namely, irrigation with tap water at all stages of grows (control), irrigation with wastewater and tap water alternately, irrigation with wastewater for all growing stages, as the main plot and sprayed with three levels of complete fertilizer (NATBA-LIB): non-spraying (control), Sprayed with 600 g of complete fertilizer in each hectare, sprayed with 1200 g of complete fertilizer in each hectare, as were the subplots. According to the results, the irrigation with wastewater and complete fertilizer sprayed had a significant effect on yield and forage quality characteristics. Among the irrigation treatments, irrigation with wastewater for all growing stages cause increase of grain yield and forage quality characteristics such as soluble carbohydrate, crude protein, ash, dry matter digestibility and significant decrease in cell wall, cell wall without hemi cellulose and lignin percentage. Also the highest grain yield and dry matter digestibility were obtained from 1200 g of fertilizer sprayed in comparison with sprayed with 600 g of complete fertilizer and control treatments. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage millet, using the treated wastewater and complete fertilizer has recommended.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 6 (6), pp. 001-012, June, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Arsenic contamination of aquifers: A detailed investigation on irrigation and portability

S.  M. Shirazi¹*, M. A. Islam², Z. Ismail¹, Mohammed Jameel¹, U. Johnson Alengaram¹ and A. Mahrez¹

¹Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

²Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kula Lumpur, Malaysia.

Accepted 21 February, 2019

Abstract

A series of experiment on water samples at different depths of aquifer was conducted to find out the suitability for irrigation and drinking water quality in relation to arsenic contamination. All the groundwater samples in deep aquifer for irrigation were almost good in respect of electrical conductivity (EC), normal in respect of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), satisfactory in respect to residual sodium bi-carbonate (RSBC), good in respect of permeability index (PI), soft to very hard with respect to total hardness (TH), good to doubtful for soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and practically neutral to slightly alkaline in respect of pH. Excepting a few, the water samples were not harmful to soil in respect of magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR) and Kelly’s ratio (KR). Iron concentrations were far below the recommended upper limit of irrigation water except magnesium. All water quality parameters were found to be correlated with each other. Most of the groundwater samples at shallow aquifer were not suitable for drinking purpose in relation to arsenic (< 0.05 mgL^-1) in that area.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-009, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Monitoring and assessing of changes in soil and groundwater salinity of Yemisli Irrigation District of Turkey using low quality irrigation water

Harun Kaman¹*, Mahmut Çetin² and Cevat Kırda²

¹Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, 07058 Antalya, Turkey

²Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Structures and Irrigation, 01330 Adana, Turkey

Accepted 17 February, 2019

Abstract

Low irrigation efficiency, high saline irrigation water, heavy soil texture, lack of adequate field drainage systems may cause soil salinity and drainage problems in irrigated agriculture. The mentioned problems are major treats for the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. This study carried out in 2007 was undertaken in 7,110 ha of area under the directive of Yemisli Irrigation Association (YIA) in Lower Seyhan Plain, on Southern coastal plains in Turkey. Growers in the area use low quality irrigation return flows of up-stream areas for irrigation. Irrigation method commonly used in the region is flood irrigation with low field irrigation efficiency. This work examines if using low quality of irrigation water causes drainage and soil salinity problem. For this purpose, a year around survey of 55 groundwater observation wells was carried out. Groundwater depths in the observation wells in February, March, June, July and October were measured. Salinity of the water samples collected from the wells was measured as electrical conductivity (ECw at 25°C). Additionally, soil samples from 0 to 30, 30 to 60 and 60 to 90 cm depths at 34 randomly selected sites were analyzed for soil salinity (ECe at 25°C) and alkalinity (SAR). The mean groundwater depth was the minimum (0.97±0.29 m) in March, before starting of the irrigation season. In October, following completion of the irrigation season, the groundwater depth was the highest (1.59 ± 0.13 m). Groundwater EC, greater than 20 dS m^-1, was noted commonly. In 93% of the study area, ECw was higher than 5 dS m^-1. Mean soil salinity ECe was higher below 1 m depth compared with that of surface layers. Likely occurrence of soil alkalinity (that is, sodium effect) was greater in sub-soil below 30 cm depth compared with surface layers. The results of the study showed that the soils of the area may become salt or even sodium affected in the future unless the present practice of irrigation management is changed.

Key words: Irrigation management, drainage, observation wells, water table, EM38, spatial and temporal variability.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 6 (5), pp. 001-008, May, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Assessment of irrigation schemes in Turkey based on management types

Cagatay Tanriverdi*, Hasan Degirmenci and Sertan Sesveren

Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kahramanmara  Sutcu Imam 46060 Kahramanmaras, Turkey.

Accepted 14 November, 2019

Abstract

Increasing population and demand for food, combined with finite land and water resources makes developing and monitoring the performance of irrigation systems inevitable in the 21st century. This study presents a comparative performance analysis of irrigation schemes based on their management types (State Hydraulic Works (SHW) and Water User Associations (WUAs)-operated schemes). The assessment used the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)’s six performance indicators for the year 2001. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test results indicated that the differences in the output per cropped area (OPCA), output per unit water consumed (OPUWC), and irrigation intensity (II) between the two management types were statistically significant, whereas the differences in the output per unit command (OPUC), output per unit irrigation supply (OPUIS), and relative water supply (RWS) between the two management types were not significant. Although the II was higher and RWS was lower in the WUAs-operated schemes comparing with SHW, the other indicators (OPCA, OPUIS and OPWC) were also lower in the WUAs-operated schemes except for OPUC indicator. This suggests that the WUAs-operated schemes are not optimally managed, possibly due to factors such as inappropriate crop pattern and intensity, irrigation infrastructure, lack of an effective monitoring and evaluation system, insufficient awareness among managers and farmers, or unstable administrative structure.

Key Words: Comparative indicators, irrigation project, management types, irrigation management, performance, Turkey.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 6 (4), pp. 001-009, April, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Multi-objective cropping pattern in the Vaalharts irrigation scheme

Fred Otieno and Josiah Adeyemo*

Durban University of Technology PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.

Accepted 01 January, 2019

Abstract

This study presents the multi-objective cropping pattern modeling of a farm in the Vaalharts irrigation scheme (VIS) in South Africa. The cropping pattern model presents three objectives and three constraints. The objectives are to maximize the total net benefit (NB) in monetary terms (South African Rand, ZAR) generated by planting four different crops, maximize total agricultural output (tons) and minimize the irrigation water use (m³). The total farm size is 77.1 ha while the total available water for irrigation is 9,140 m³ per ha/annum. Multi-objective differential evolution algorithm (MDEA) which is a stochastic multi-objective evolutionary algorithm recently developed was used to solve the multi-objective model in this study. The model produced non-dominated solutions that converge to Pareto optimal front. The averages of total net benefit, total agricultural output, total irrigation water and total area planted are ZAR 882 890.63, 3 439 518.75 tons, 702 522.50 m³ and 661 444.06 m² respectively with corresponding average planting areas of 416 680, 53 030, 87 620 and 212 410 m² for maize, groundnut, Lucerne and Pecan nuts respectively. It is concluded that MDEA is a good optimizer for multi-objective cropping pattern model for generating maximum agricultural output for the farmers in the area with the constraints of land and water availabilities.

Key words: Cropping pattern, irrigation, agricultural output, differential evolution, non-dominated solutions.

International Journal of Irrigation and Water Management ISSN 5423-5294 Vol. 6 (3), pp. 001-005, March, 2019. © International Scholars Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Critical appraisal of an irrigation command and water productivity based on satellite remote sensing

S. Shah* and H. J. Dalwadi

¹Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Vishvakarma Mahavidyalaya Engineering College (BVM, Vallabhviyanagar), Gujarat India.

Accepted 09 December, 2018

Abstract

Irrigation policy makers and managers need information on the irrigation performance and productivity of water at various scales to devise appropriate water management strategies, considering dwindling water availability, further threats due to continually rising population and food demand. It is often difficult to access sufficient water supply and use data to determine crop water consumption and irrigation performance. Energy balance techniques using remote sensing data have been developed by various researchers, and can be used as a tool to directly estimate actual evapotranspiration that is, water consumption. Study demonstrates how remote sensing-based estimates of water consumption and water stress combined with secondary agricultural production data, which provide better estimates of irrigation performance, water productivity. A principle benefit of the approach is that it allows identification of areas where agricultural performance is less than potential, there by providing insights into how irrigation systems can be managed to improve overall performance and increase water productivity in a sustainable manner. To demonstrate the advantages, the approach is planned to be applied in North Gujarat, India based Dharoi Irrigation Scheme. Remote sensing-based indicators reflecting equity, adequacy, reliability and water productivity can be estimated. This paper is purely the extensive research review and conceptualized concept to be used for future research in above said region.

Key words: Actual evapotranspiration, equity, adequacy, reliability, water productivity, surface energy balance, SEBAL.